Analog Vs Digital Essay -- essays research papers

Digital PCS The Future of Wireless Phone ServiceIn the past few years the lend oneself of mobile phones has change magnitude tremendously. At one time only available to the rich and elite business executives, the luxury of mobile phones can now be used by a wide group of people in different financial situations. Mobile phones are a necessary convenience. They provide instant communication entrance wherever mobile phone service is adjureed. There are two alternatives for mobile phone service analog, and digital PCS. Analog is the more expensive excerption and has long been the standard for mobile phone service. Digital PCS is the newest form of phone service. It works by converting human speech into software codes and converting them to audio signals before the codes off the listener. Because it is software based it provides a perfect platform for a variety of advanced wireless features. Digital PCS is the future of mobile phone service and the soon to be de facto standard fo r wireless phone service. People can choose digital PCS service for many reasons, though affordability might be the initial attraction. Because of ambition by many companies price is always being driven down. Also, the many different customizable price plans offer an affordable package for any type of budget. Companies, which offer digital PCS service are always looking to lure new customers, and therefore are in constant review of their plans always trying to contribute sure they are treating their customers properly. This eventually leads to the best product for the customer.If there is any drawback to digital PCS it is that the service is still fairly new. Digital PCS systems need to be laid from the ground up. They are physically hard-wired from community to community. While designing a system like this takes much longer, the outcome is worth it. Hard-wired systems provide for a stronger signal, and burst connection. Because the implementation of the system takes long, it is difficult to spread digital PCS service quickly. But the service is expanding rapidly and soon, it will cover most of the country. Another drawback is that people cannot use Digital PCS phones in the more common analog environments. Much of the country is already equipped with analog services so it is better to purchase a dual band Digital PCS service phone that has analog s... ...Digital phones are the future. They provide services that analog mobile phones could never provide. From an engineering vantage point alone, phones using digital PCS are more advanced and capable of amazing applications. But it is the convenience that digital PCS phones provide which make them a better option for people who are on the move. From a system level, they are designed from the ground up, providing the best connection and signal performance. Digital PCS is software based frankincense providing better applications such as caller ID, voice mail, enhanced battery management, paging, and encryptio n systems. They save time by providing on demand information including warn the owner immediately when a voice mail is received, and when the battery of the phone will expire. They are affordable in cost because many companies are in competition to provide the best service. This provides the customer with ample choices to evaluate. Digital PCS phone service is reliable, robust and affordable. It allows a person to be able to be reached at all times. It is the future and the soon to be standard for wireless communications. Digital PCS, the future of mobile phones is here.

What Is Music? :: Music

What Is Music? According to the dictionary music is having rhythm, melody, or harmony. But its re all(prenominal)y underestimated, more so than anyone actually realizes Music is a learning, a therapy, and dogma tool. Music adjusts our moods, and used throughout our lives. To lead a healthy life, we need to incorporate music. Whether playing it, listening to it, or using it. Music is therapy because of its positive changes in human behavior. The therapy consist of singing, playing instruments, moving to music, and listening to music. This builds your communication skills, motor skills and emotional development.Music comes into our lives at an early age. I wake up clamorous from a terrifying nightmare, looking around for my mommy. The light turns on. She comes up and sits on the bed, saying everything is O.K. I tell her a monster was coming after me, in between my heavy breathing, A light peaceful voice starts coming out of her mouth. Rock a bye baby on the tree top, when the top blows the cradle will rock. My eyes slowly shout and Im back to sleep again.We learn music in Elementary School. Dont you remember learning your first nisus and singing it to all the parents? Its a great learning tool for the teachers.Music is everywhere including in an elevator. As I step in to an elevator, sea of thoroughgoing(a) faces and in an enclosed space, my heart beats a little faster. The first thing heard is the music, with its relaxing and calms melody. We have something for our mind to focus on, and not all the people around you or to remember that were claustrophobic. Music is every where we go, even in store. What the purpose of this?

Flann OBrien, Dickens and Joyce: Form, Identity and Colonial Influence

Flann OBrien, Dickens and Joyce Form, Identity and Colonial InfluencesAll quotations from The Third military officer are taken from the 1993 Flamingo Modern Classic edition.In this essay I intend to examine Flann OBriens The Third Policeman in the context of the time of its writing, 1940, its apprisal to certain English novelistic traditions and also the broader Irish literary tradition in which it belongs. Seamus Deane refers to Ireland as a Strange Country and indeed OBriens own narrator recalls the wrangle of his father . . . he would mention Parnell with the customers and say that Ireland was a queer country. (7)Such a concurrence indicates to a degree the peculiar nature of the Irish line with regard to theoretical post-colonial models. There is a temptation to see all Irish work since the revival in terms of decolonization. Cahalan, in The Irish Novel, traces the intention of Irish writers such as Swift, Edgeworth and Maturin to employ fantastic elements and non-realism in direct opposition to English colonial models and in affirmation of certain Irish traditions. Mercier, in The Irish Comic Tradition, points also to the presence of exaggeration, absurdity and scatological detail in Gaelic heroic cycles and poetry. In Flann OBrien, Bakhtin, and Menippean Satire, M. Keith Booker begins by sayingIt has nowadays become commonplace to think of Flann OBrien along with James Joyce and Samuel Beckett as the three great Irish fiction writers...

Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - Vengeance in Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

retaliation in Hamlet With Outline Time and time again, we as a daedal society have recognized in populacey pieces of great literature the idea of man and revenge. Throughout history, the idea of vengeance has destroyed large communities, populations and intact civilizations. The problem with man and revenge is that one may be side-tracted of why or whom he is avenging. This similar idea is conveyed in the theme of Shakespears Hamlet , Vengeance can confuse a mans mind and soul to the point where he may not be sure of whom he is really avenging. Shakespear uses foils in this revive to allow us readers to understand Hamlet as a man and why and whom he is really avenging. A foil is minor character in a literary work who by the similarities and differences in what he or she does (as compared to a more important character), or by simply being at that place for another character to talk to, helps the audience understand a more important character. Laertes and the ghost are foils for Hamlet in this play which help us readers understand his character and his actions. During the play, Hamlet ignores his fathers (ghost) warning about his mother, pretends to be crazy, betrays Ophelia, and delays the vengeance of his fathers murder. What was the cause of these actions? Why did Hamlet delay his duty of vengeance? Through the insight of the ghost and Laertes, one may be able to come to his/her own conclusions. Laertes was a shelter-minded student who was Poloniuss son and Ophelias brother. He was a strong-willed young man whom studied over seas, was protective of Ophelia, loved his family, and kept his loyalty to King Hamlet and then to King Claudius. Hamlet and Laertes had never been friends, for Hamlet was of a higher(prenominal) social class. In one aspect, Laertes respected their differences and in another, it made him leary of and curious about Hamlet and his ways. Also, hamlet had feelings for Ophelia for which Laertes despised and warranted off. Although Hamlet and Laertes differ, Laertes acts as a stable foil for Hamlet whom makes sound decisions and acts on his words instead of just speaking. Laertes allows us readers to explore how Hamlet should have acted instead of how he did Inactive, in a state of delay, and full of words.

Free Essays: Odysseus of the Odyssey and Moses of Exodus :: comparison compare contrast essays

Odysseus of the Odyssey and Moses of Exodus         The throw of Exodus is considered to be an heroic poem poem as by definition.  An epic poem as defined by Funk and Wagnalls is a poem celebrating in stately, formal verse the achievements of heroes, gods, and demigods (426).  The Book of Exodus as good as the entire Bible was written in the form of an epic poem.  Major characteristics of epic poems are that there is always a heroic figure.  Moses is and wherefore comparable to Odysseus, the heroic figure in the Odyssey.  Although both men had different purposes they are facilitate considered comparable according to the definition of an epic.    Like Odysseus, Moses was at peerless with the gods.  In Moses case it was only one almighty god.  Moses had a special covenant with God.  It was as if Moses was Gods body on earth.  Moses spoke Gods words and acted upon his request.  Moses possessed m ore a(prenominal) characteristics that made him a great man. In the Exodus there were many examples where Moses showed his great wisdom. He also possessed somewhat magical power tending(p) to him by God.   He also had a divine purpose in life.  Moses was on a mission from god so to speak to deliver his muckle from bondage.  His mission was similar to those of other typical epics.  It was of course a very dangerous and wash up journey that lasted a very long time.  There were many obstacles to overcome as well as internal affairs among the Hebrews.           Moses was born a Hebrew but was raised as the prince of Egypt. Just like Odysseus, Moses was a man of nobility.  Moses did not know he was a Hebrew until he was a frequently older man.  He was living a lie without level realizing it.           And it came to pass in those days, when Moses was grown, that he went out un to his brethren, and looked on their burdens  and he spied an Egyptian smiting an Hebrew, one of his brethren (Exodus 2. 11).           It was then that Moses realized who he was, but he was still unsuspecting of his destiny to lead his people out of bondage.  When Moses realized who he was he fled to the land of Midian.Free Essays Odysseus of the Odyssey and Moses of Exodus comparison compare contrast essays Odysseus of the Odyssey and Moses of Exodus         The Book of Exodus is considered to be an epic poem as by definition.  An epic poem as defined by Funk and Wagnalls is a poem celebrating in stately, formal verse the achievements of heroes, gods, and demigods (426).  The Book of Exodus as well as the entire Bible was written in the form of an epic poem.  Major characteristics of epic poems are that there is always a heroic figure.  Moses is indeed comparable to Odysseus, the heroic fi gure in the Odyssey.  Although both men had different purposes they are still considered comparable according to the definition of an epic.    Like Odysseus, Moses was at one with the gods.  In Moses case it was only one almighty god.  Moses had a special covenant with God.  It was as if Moses was Gods body on earth.  Moses spoke Gods words and acted upon his request.  Moses possessed many characteristics that made him a great man. In the Exodus there were many examples where Moses showed his great wisdom. He also possessed somewhat magical power given to him by God.   He also had a divine purpose in life.  Moses was on a mission from god so to speak to deliver his people from bondage.  His mission was similar to those of other typical epics.  It was of course a very dangerous and exhausting journey that lasted a very long time.  There were many obstacles to overcome as well as internal affairs among the Hebrews. &n bsp         Moses was born a Hebrew but was raised as the prince of Egypt. Just like Odysseus, Moses was a man of nobility.  Moses did not know he was a Hebrew until he was a much older man.  He was living a lie without even realizing it.           And it came to pass in those days, when Moses was grown, that he went out unto his brethren, and looked on their burdens  and he spied an Egyptian smiting an Hebrew, one of his brethren (Exodus 2. 11).           It was then that Moses realized who he was, but he was still unaware of his destiny to lead his people out of bondage.  When Moses realized who he was he fled to the land of Midian.

Free Essays: Odysseus of the Odyssey and Moses of Exodus :: comparison compare contrast essays

Odysseus of the Odyssey and Moses of Exodus         The Book of Exodus is considered to be an epic measure form as by definition.  An epic poem as defined by Funk and Wagnalls is a poem celebrating in stately, formal verse the achievements of heroes, perfections, and demigods (426).  The Book of Exodus as well as the immaculate Bible was written in the form of an epic poem.  Major characteristics of epic poems are that on that point is always a terrific figure.  Moses is indeed comparable to Odysseus, the heroic figure in the Odyssey.  Although both men had different purposes they are still considered comparable harmonize to the definition of an epic.    Like Odysseus, Moses was at one with the gods.  In Moses character reference it was only one almighty god.  Moses had a special covenant with God.  It was as if Moses was Gods body on earth.  Moses spoke Gods words and acted upon his request.  Moses feature many characteristics that made him a great man. In the Exodus there were many examples where Moses showed his great wisdom. He also possessed somewhat magical power given to him by God.   He also had a divine purpose in life.  Moses was on a mission from god so to speak to deliver his people from bondage.  His mission was standardised to those of other typical epics.  It was of course a very dangerous and exhausting journey that lasted a very long time.  There were many obstacles to overcome as well as internal affairs among the Hebrews.           Moses was born a Hebrew but was elevated as the prince of Egypt. Just like Odysseus, Moses was a man of nobility.  Moses did not know he was a Hebrew until he was a much older man.  He was living a lie without even realizing it.           And it came to pass in those days, when Moses was grown, that he went out unto h is brethren, and looked on their burdens  and he spied an Egyptian smiting an Hebrew, one of his brethren (Exodus 2. 11).           It was then that Moses realized who he was, but he was still unaware of his destiny to claim his people out of bondage.  When Moses realized who he was he fled to the land of Midian.Free Essays Odysseus of the Odyssey and Moses of Exodus comparison compare contrast essays Odysseus of the Odyssey and Moses of Exodus         The Book of Exodus is considered to be an epic poem as by definition.  An epic poem as defined by Funk and Wagnalls is a poem celebrating in stately, formal verse the achievements of heroes, gods, and demigods (426).  The Book of Exodus as well as the entire Bible was written in the form of an epic poem.  Major characteristics of epic poems are that there is always a heroic figure.  Moses is indeed comparable to Odysseus, the heroic figure in the Odyssey.  Although both men had different purposes they are still considered comparable according to the definition of an epic.    Like Odysseus, Moses was at one with the gods.  In Moses case it was only one almighty god.  Moses had a special covenant with God.  It was as if Moses was Gods body on earth.  Moses spoke Gods words and acted upon his request.  Moses possessed many characteristics that made him a great man. In the Exodus there were many examples where Moses showed his great wisdom. He also possessed somewhat magical power given to him by God.   He also had a divine purpose in life.  Moses was on a mission from god so to speak to deliver his people from bondage.  His mission was similar to those of other typical epics.  It was of course a very dangerous and exhausting journey that lasted a very long time.  There were many obstacles to overcome as well as internal affairs among the Hebrews.   &nbs p       Moses was born a Hebrew but was raised as the prince of Egypt. Just like Odysseus, Moses was a man of nobility.  Moses did not know he was a Hebrew until he was a much older man.  He was living a lie without even realizing it.           And it came to pass in those days, when Moses was grown, that he went out unto his brethren, and looked on their burdens  and he spied an Egyptian smiting an Hebrew, one of his brethren (Exodus 2. 11).           It was then that Moses realized who he was, but he was still unaware of his destiny to lead his people out of bondage.  When Moses realized who he was he fled to the land of Midian.

The Host Book Review

The Host Book Review Melanie Stryder is one of few wild human rebels who have evaded the outlander souls currently taking oer the Earth. With her younger brother, Jamie, and the man she loves, Jared Howe, Mel is on the run from souls who hunt down host bodies for use. Souls are creatures that rely on host bodies to survive. After insertion, they erase any psychological presence of the being originally there and establish a claim over the body and mind. Earth is spiders ninth planet, and Mel is her ninth host body.Upon waking deep down her new body, she is shocked not only by the vividness of human emotions, memories, and senses, but quickly learns that Melanie Stryder is not willing to give up the entirety of her mind. Stephenie Meyers Twilight Saga has often been described as vampire fiction for people who dont like vampires. It is fair to say that with The Host, her latest novel, she has once again managed to break the usual genre stereotypes. This time, writing a science fic tion novel for people who dont like science fiction. foreign the most fashionable alien invasion movies and science fiction television shows, The Host doesnt have Will Smith or Richard Dean Anderson to save the planet against a background of gun fire, secret weapons, and loud explosions. In The Host humanity is lost, vastly outnumbered and overwhelmed by superior technology. There are tiny pockets of resistance go forth just a handful of humans who have yet been captured, but they dont spend their days plotting to re effect the planet from the aliens.Just trying to survive consumes all their time. The Host isnt really about saving the planet from alien invaders its a story about what it is to be human, about identity operator and about individuality. Most of all The Host is a story about the nature of love. Romanticlove, love of family, love of friends all of these emotions are explored by Wanderer as she first surrenders to Melanies emotional memories then surrenders to the emo tions for herself.There is more than just memories left of Melanie though she is trapped inside her own head unable to take control of her own body, forced to be an unwilling host to the alien Wanderer. Which makes things real interesting when Wanderer and Melanie eventually meet up with Melanies love ones. Possibly the largest similarity between The Host and Stephenie Meyers Twilight Saga is the character of Wanderer. She has something of a Bella vibe going on. It is the way that they are both self sacrificing.Wanderers alien nature actually makes her even more self sacrificing than Bella which means that she needs others to look out for her and take care of her since she has little instinct for self preservation. Unlike the Twilight Saga, I would recommend The Host for both teens and adults. Stephenie Meyer wrote this book to attract a wide audience. All in all The Host makes a very compelling read. Avoiding the obvious science fiction cliches, it concentrates on humanity and the human emotions experienced by an alien invader who really wants to be a human.

Describe Australia’s Consitution

On the 1st January 1901 Australia became one nation. Prior to this Australia consisted of sise separate colonies who all answered to British authority. The British government activity indeed passed the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK) and federation was achieved. The British government had provided Australia with a constitution which was a set of rules which the government had to follow in order to lam the country. Parts of the constitution include the division of power in the midst of the different levels of government and the establishment of the High Court.Australia is a constitutional monarch. This is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state and because the British monarchy still plays a role in the Australian parliament, the government has a Governor-General. The Governor-General is the voice of the monarch or head of state (now Queen Elizabeth II). He or she exercises the supreme power of the Commonwealth. The constitution grants the Governor-General a wide range of powers. The most most-valuable power the Governor-General has is found in section 58 of the constitution. When a proposed law passed by both Houses of Parliament is presented to the Governor-General for the Queens assent, he shall declare that he assents in the Queens name. This sum they have the power to decide which laws come into force. The constitution divides up the powers between the federal government and the states. This is covered in Chapter 1, Part V in sections 51 to 60. It specifies the legislative powers of the federal parliament which enables them to make laws.Section 52 outlines the exclusive powers of the federal government. The state parliament was given residual powers, these are the remaining matters which are non referred to in the constitution on which the states can legislate. The federal parliament was given the power to make laws on all matters listed in section 51. The state government can also make laws in many of the areas listed in section 51. This is an example of concurrent power which are powers held by both the state and federal parliaments.Each state has its own constitution along with residual powers. Some of the main powers of the state governments are in the areas of crime hospitals and public transport. When there is conflict between federal and state governments the solution is found in section 109 which states When a law of a State is inconsistent with a law of the Commonwealth, the latter shall prevail, and the creator shall, to the extent of the inconsistency be invalid. This means that federal overrules state.According to section 51, the federal government can pass laws on foreign relations and dish out and commerce around the world, taxation, currency, immigration and emigration etc. They also have the power to pass laws on the naval and military defence of the commonwealth, naturalization and aliens and the supplying of maternity allowances. This is just a handful of what the many areas listed in section 51 are. Overall the entire Australian government answers to the constitution. This constitution combined six colonies into one country. A country that is now one of the most powerful countries in the world.

Business Communication in Today’s World

INTRODUCTION Definition Communication is defined as the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one or more than written, oral, optical or electronic channels. Simply put, converse is the exchange of information between people. It is important to get feedback from your audience and vice versa for the process of conversation to shoot down place effectively. The feedback can be either positive or negative. dividing line communicating is any communication used in an organisation with an intention to crusade a product, change service or with the intention to make a sale.This type of communication also occurs within the organisation between the management and employees. It has habit and a lot of attention is given to detail. Business communication has undergone a lot of transformation as a result of the growth of information applied science that has changed the whole concept of communication. In the past, businesses had a sit down of communication that left very little room for interaction and conversation with the receiver of the message. Currently the model that works and is now used by most organisations is one that gives room to both conversation and interaction with the receivers. BODYCommunication is very vital in any organization. Like blood in our bodies, it is the channel that gives life to the organisation and without it, organisations would not be functional. There are two types of business communication in an organization 1. Internal Communication 2. External Communication Internal communication This defines communication that occurs within an organisation. It occurs between management and departments and between the employees of the organization. This type of communication may be formal or informal. Internal communication is vital because it helps in increasing job satisfaction, productivity and profits.It is also a platform for employees and management to channel and address grievances. There are three types of communication under internal business communication a) Upward Communication b) Downward Communication c) Horizontal communication a) Upward communication Upward communication is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors or from employees to management. By definition, communication is a two-way affair. Yet for effective two-way organisational communication to occur, it must begin from the bottom. Upward Communication is a means for staff to * Exchange vital information * Offer ideas Express enthusiasm * succeed job satisfaction * try feedback Diagram showing upward communication in a bank b) Downward Communication This is the flow of information from the mortal or people who are at the top of the organisation to their subordinates. Downward communication generally provides information for direction and guidance e. g. Instructions on how to do a task. This type of communication is accepted in an organization to * Transmit important information * Give i nstructions * Announce decisions * Seek cooperation * Provide indigence * Increase talent * Obtain feedback c) Horizontal communicationHorizontal communication normally involves coordinating information, and allows people with the same or similar rank in an organization to co-operate or collaborate. Communication among employees at the same level is crucial for the accomplishment of work. Horizontal Communication is essential for * Solving problems * Accomplishing tasks * Improving teamwork * Building state of grace * Boosting efficiency External Communication This type of communication occurs between the organisation and the public. This embarrasss suppliers, clients or customers, shareholders or investors and with former(a) organisations.Social networks have transformed external communication. The popularity of Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and other social networks have made them effective tools for communication that organisations now use. External communication leads to * Incr eased sales volume * Public credibility * Operational efficiency * Achievement of organisational goals * Customer satisfaction METHODS OF COMMUNICATION There are different communication methods that are used in business communication. We have verbal, written and visual methods that come in different forms.These forms of communication have undergone transformation with the introduction of information technology. For example verbal forms of communication like telephone calls have been ameliorate to incorporate video conferencing. It is important to choose the right method and form of communication if you are to effectively pass information to your audience. The choice is determined by several factors * Urgency How important is the information to the recipient and what would be the effect of delay? * Security and privacy Are the contents of the message classified? reputation and complexity does the message contain detailed/ technically complex information that could be misundersto od? * Number of recipients is the message intended for one person, a selected sort or everyone? * Record Will evidence/proof of communication be needed? * Distance Is the message for internal use only or does it need to be transmitted further? * Impression/ display is the message required to create a favorable impression by its style/ quality/ appearance? If so, are the recipients taste known? * Feedback will an instant response be needed from the message? Cost How much will it represent you to pass this information and is it worth it? Forms of communication include * Memos * Email * Letters * Newspapers/magazines * Television * Telephone * Meetings Information technology has transformed business technology and immediately there are several tools that are available for communication both internal and external communication. Some of these tools include * Wireless network * Electronic presentations * realistic meeting spaces * Wikis * Voice technology * Video conferencing CO NCLUSION Business communication should be effective if the organization is to achieve its goals and desired results.The purpose of business communication is to pass information to the receiver and receive a response. Effective communication is communication that ensures that this happens in an efficient way. For information to be effective, it has to be able to * Provide information that is practical it should be able to give the receiver information that they can apply in their daily life. * It should give facts and avoid vague impressions phraseology used should be strong and give clear and accurate information. In the case of an argument it should give evidence to support the conclusion reached. The presentation should be concise and efficient this can be achieved by summarizing and highlighting the main points Business communication is important because it helps in * Decision making business communication makes the process of decision making faster because reliable informati on has been received. * Solving problems Effective communication ensures that problems are solved faster because the problems have already been understood. * Foreseeing authority problems that the business could experience * Developing stronger relationships business relationships * Developing exceptional marketing messagesIt is important to note that business communication is different from social communication with friends and family. Business communication is complicated and requires skill and attention. As result there are challenges that rise when trying to ensure that an organization has effective business communication. Some of these challenges include Globalization in business and the diversity of the workforce Businesses can presently be able to connect with the world and sell products across borders.Although, the opening up of the market is an advantage to the business, it presents sunrise(prenominal) challenges in communication. The organization should find methods to be able to effectively communicate with the new market and diverse workforce that these new opportunities present. The escalation of value given to business communication We are living in the Information age and competition in the marketplace is determined by how substantially business information is relayed by the organization. It is important to acquire information on competition, customer needs and the rules and regulations.Growth of technology Business communication today is parasitical on technology and technology is very dynamic. For an organization to be relevant it has to have the ability to transform at the same pace that technology is advancing. It is and so important to use it productively. We should also remember that technology is just a tool for communication, not a replacement to think or communicate for an organization. increase reliance on teamwork teams are vital in an organizational structure and for teams to produce results there is a need for them to have efficient communication.This sometimes presents challenges plainly developing great communication lines ensures that teamwork is successful. Business communication is growing innovations are being made daily to make communication more efficient. Conventional slipway are being transformed to incorporate technology or being discarded completely for lack of relevance. All this is done in an effort to improve business and increase productivity. REFERENCES Bovee, L. , and Thill, V. (2010). Business Communication Today. Upper Saddle, NJ. Pearson Education Inc. Publishing.

Ee Study Plan

Statement of Purpose Dear Sir/ Madam, This is Md. Sahadat Hossain, from Bangladesh expressing here my interest for studying cut across of Science (MS) in Environmental Sciences incision under the Faculty of Meteorology, Environment Arid Land Agriculture of King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for the academic year 2013/2014. I completed my four (04) years Bachelor of Science (B. Sc. Hons) phase in Environmental Science and Resource Management with securing CGPA 3. 58 and Master of Science (MS) degree in Environmental Science securing 3. 3 (out of 4. 0) respectively in my academic sessions from Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University under the Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh. I learnt about the above mentioned program offered by your university through the website http//dgsscholarship. kau. edu. sa/. The program in particular caught my interest, because of the cutting edge research I would get to exp erience objet dart I pursue my education at your university.I have already conducted several researches on Biodiversity conservation, Park management, Socio-economic condition, Ecotourism, Water quality measurement, Farakka Barrage and its ecological impacts, etc. I have also two research publications. My long range goals would be to teach what I have learned to others. Teaching people how to solve virtually of societys problems will be challenging and environmentally significant.I would like to continue my higher studies through research to gain knowledge regarding those are on environmental issues such as biodiversity conservation, physical environment, ecosystem and ecological processes, water pollution and crisis, biodiversity losses, deforestation, climate change and its potential and devastating impacts on human societies, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. To achieve this goal I realize that I will need a good education.Although my dream is to be an environ mentalist to help my country but Im sorry to say that we have no sufficient instrument to assess the environmental impacts and their remedial measures. China is a well-developed country and their call up technologies are world widely using. So, I wanna get admission for Masters program in Master of Science (MS) in Environmental Sciences Department under the Faculty of Meteorology, Environment Arid Land Agriculture of King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for the academic year 2013/2014 to achieve ulfillment of my environmental study. I respect and go to bed my country. So, Ill must comeback in my country after completing my desire study and will devote myself to her. I hope, through your efforts, as well as university will help me to achieve my most prominent goal in life-a good education. Thank you for your kind consideration. Yours sincerely, (Md. Sahadat Hossain)

Ebay Market Share

How to dominate the online auction bridgeeereer securities industry Jeffrey Phillips Brian Somok Xiaoke Zheng Executive Summary Background eBay Inc history September 1995 funded as a bushel proprietorship. May 1996 incorporated in California. April 1998 reincorporated in Delaware. September 1998 completion of initial public heading October 2002 acquired PayPal Product Online Auction E real day, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, jillions of people from in altogether over the world go shopping at online auctions. This is not an exaggeration eBay, with a 76% share of the auction site trade, reports 42. million go forrs and a growth factor of 100% per Year Porters Five Forces Analysis contender Rivalry is very intense. Yahoo had to give up Japan and Australia online auction sites in 2003 because of low margin in this merchandise even if Yahoo made great(p) investment in these two sites beforehand. Number of firms Online auction firms www. eBay. com, www. overstock. com, www. ubid. com, www. yahoo. com, www. amazon. com, www. CQout. com, www. bidville. com, etc. The spectacular number of firms in this merchandise reflects the intense competition among those sites. Margin profit is diminish to a relatively low level. Bay could still survive because of its outdo of economy and good reputation. However, eBays growth in 2004 was untold keener than in 2003. Shareholders put much pressure on eBay, and eBay had to readjust its pricing on varied services on the short run in order to retaliate peoples short term expectation. However, he is risking his long term revenue and reputation. Fixed personifys Essentially, fixed be on online auction market are quite low purchasing programming technology patents, web, administration, credit, accounting, staff, and daily operations. Product differentiationDifferentiation depends on how the transaction is performed. There is not withal much difference among different online auction companies i n web processing efficiency and shipping efficiency, exclusively eBay is more convenient than others, referable to their lengthy expertness in the market. eBay differentiated itself by integrating PayPal honorarium system, which is famous for its security, cheap rate and network utility. eBay offers a cheap transaction fee rate, as well. It has superlative number of users by far, which offers excellent network utility. amazon utilize to be a substitute increase provider.However, since 1999 virago added auction module in its communication channel. eBay as well as encroached on Amazons niche by adopting fixed hurt functions the manages of buy it now solelyton and purchasing www. half. com. eBay and Amazon have been slight different and therefore rivalry has increased a little. However, there is still an obvious gap amidst them in terms of melodic line model and bundle development. Amazon built its reputation with last-end users. It has a friendly and succinct transacti on interface, which offers superior convergence mix. Amazon is utilizing Porters value strategy and has not changed this for years.On the other hand, eBay is a large company of small emptors and sellers who deal with single-item transactions at negoti sufficient prices. It has a created cost advantage by scale of economy. Most goods traded on eBay are secondhand, and eBays inventory changes more rapidly than Amazons. eBay is actually victorious Porters cost strategy. Different condescension models result in different financial surgical operation. eBay generated $441 million profits in 2003 on $2. 17 billion revenue compared with Amazons much smaller $35 million profit on far more revenue $5. 3 billion. eBay has a more liquid and effective financial structure.Besides, these two companies are two cute by their own network/community. Most customers hold outt switch between auction and fixed price retail very often part because they are rooted in the community culture of eith er network. They dont have incentives to change their current method of transaction if it is satisfactory. Different commercial enterprise models and different networks are enough to place these two companies in different niches without likewise much rivalry. Barriers of New Entrants New entrants seize every opportunity to widen their market share. eBay still has a dominant market share of online auction.His reputation is a sweeping force in nurtureing his good performance. However, eBay has to be cautious in every marketing decision. His mistakes get out be taken advantage by these new appoint comers. For example, www. bidville. com , an online auction site, recently experienced a dramatic increase in new member registration after eBay announced they would elevator their listing fees for sellers. eBay took a prompt response by resuming the listing fee back to the headmaster level. eBay didnt win eitherthing in this price adjustment and readjustment, moreover eroded his r eputation.Essentially in this online auction market, whoever has the most name recognition, wins the game. Right now, Bidvilles prejudice in name recognition puts Bidville out as a possible alternative to eBays market space temporarily. eBay should think about more to maintain his name recognition on the long run. Patents eBay does not hold any key patented technology. A new entrant could easy emulate eBays interface. High cost of entry eBays most effective barriers are its large network and credible reputation. It is rather difficult for a new entrant to build a new network starting with no users. We do-nothing verify this by how new air ticketing companies grow. ) The save way to start a network from a reasonable size is to derive an online auction market from an existing online website company which already has a network, just as Yahoo and Amazon did. A new entrant must likewise demonstrate creditability and capability to customers and payment providers (credit gondola gon dolad, PayPal, eWallet, etc. ). New entrants must prove their guarantees of efficient and safe transactions, to both buyers and sellers. Why would buyers and sellers bother to switch from a sound existing online auction site to a new one?Incentives to switch include discounts, coupons, accumulative reimbursement like frequent miles, complements from other services an entrant or their cooperating company offers, and higher- attri simplye service in terms of timely and elegant shipping. All of these are trivial but not necessarily effective sales methods. Effectiveness depends on a comprehensive sales strategy which is based on keen insight of vexation dynamics and human group dynamics. It is hard for a new entrant to find an experienced strategist, and even if it does, there is still no guarantee to strain market share.This market is basically first-mover dominant. Furthermore, it is unlikely for payment companies like credit lineup companies or other electronic payment providers to support a new entrant, because profitability is unclear. The revenue for successful new entrants forget be low at the offshoot and stable on the long run. However, expenses will be passing high at the beginning. A new company rarely survives within a short term unless it has a very generous percentage of supplement or a large amount of venture capital, and leverage is only available for public companies.Therefore, a new entrant can likely only be an existing company that operates in other markets. It should either be sufficiently self-funded or have a very strong, persuasive income statement and business plan to prove liquidity and gain leverage. Since the internet bubble, venture capitalists are very cautious in investing in IT companies, especially Business-to-Customers or Business-to-Business ecommerce companies. (Check the performance of eBay during and after internet bubbles. ) Essentially, the scale of economy is very obvious in the online auction market.The value of an online network is proportional to the number of users squared. The scale of economy will naturally lead to a monopoly. A new entrant should either license a fraud prevention system or employ a third-party payment platform company that already integrates fraud prevention system in its service. Brand loyalty First of all, eBay has been operating in this market since the beginning of e-commerce. A lot of e-commerce companies have failed since the internet bubble. eBay has successfully survived because of the convenience and simplicity of its service. It has gained popularity and built loyalty among customers.It has a secure identity system, and every user has a record of past transactions. eBay has a sound rating system for every buyer and seller to open credibility amongst the users. eBays user accounts work like passports of their personal credit and reliability. Most customers of eBay are long-term users therefore, they will not attempt fraud in their transactions. If they do, t heir rating suffers. All customers tend to trust all(prenominal) other because transactions are transparent to the 3rd party supervisor, eBay. eBay has successfully turned their online auction site into a community which has a cohesive culture.Photos of items to be sell greatly enhance the community value and establish amiability and trust between sellers and buyers. (eBays success has influenced Amazon to adopt a analogous policy in its online transactions recently. ) New entrants are competing against a community as well as a company. It is rather difficult to build a new culture and a new community. There might be some other specialized auction niches available, but eBay offers nearly any product available. For example, eBay has online auctions for cars. However, since cars are large purchases, people tend to be cautious in purchasing them.They must inspect the cars in person, and the buyers and sellers tend to haggle in person. Online auctions dont seem conducive to the second hand car market. As one would expect, eBay doesnt have much revenue from car transactions, and any other online car auction websites are not likely to generate high revenues. Such specialized auction markets have uncertain viability. In the example of a car transaction, there are two types of creditability involved. One is buyers trust of eBay Will eBay protect the buyers privacy? The other is buyers trust of sellers Will sellers defraud the buyers or exaggerate the quality of their cars?Shipping is also a major cost in this transaction. Most buyers obviously favor in-person transactions. There is little market space for online auction providers. In fact, there are free online bulletin boards that provide used car sale information. They chip in it difficult for paid online car auctions to exist at all. Mostly, the viability of such specialized auction markets is doubtful. Therefore, there is limited chance for new entrants. Substitute Products The most important merit of fixed-pric e online retail is that a buyer does not have to wait for an auction to end. It is appealing to shoppers who prefer straightforward sales.They value their time more than the small price change. It is basically a tradeoff between time and price. Since online auction and fixed online retail target people with different personalities, these two products essentially dont conflict with each other. eBay spread out its market by adding fixed-price features to its online transactions, such as Buy It Now. Half. com is a fixed price online retail web site which is owned by eBay. This shows that eBay is flexible in its business model. On the other hand, Amazon, a traditional online fixed-price retail web site, launched its auction feature in 1999.Here, fixed-price retail acts somewhat like a complement. However, it is a complement only when a company is involved in both types of sales. It is especially beneficial for the companys network utility. eBay expanded its community (network) by addin g fixed price retail feature, as Amazon did by adding auctions. Both of them successfully combined these two functions together, which merged these two markets into one, and gave customers greater convenience by allowing them to decide which way to purchase goods impromptu. However, there is less differentiation between eBay and Amazon.Traditional retail is more prevalent when the buyer must check the product in person or shipping is difficult or expensive. eBay has had to build a strong creditability by making sure all the descriptions of online items to be sold are precise, complete and correct. Without this reliability, customers would switch to traditional retail stores. For those goods which are hard to price without observation, eBay cannot supplant traditional retail. This is particularly true for specialized items such as cars, jewelries, and plastic surgeries, all of which have too many details to be taken care of online.Online transactions seem impossible for these goods. The switching cost from online auction to traditional retail or fixed-price online is essentially high. For fixed-price online, sellers have to pay the memory board fee for Amazons storage plant. For traditional retail, sellers have to pay for the storage fee and shelf rental fee. These extra fees, which are switching cost, are enough to discourage single item sellers, who are main customer course of study of eBay, to switch. purchaser Power Customers price sensitivity Online auctions dont charge sellers for storage of their goods. Fixed-price sites might charge sellers for storage.Traditional retailers incur smasher costs. Sellers have incentives to sell via online auction. On the other hand, online auctions principally deal with unpackaged new products or secondhand products. Most buyers of such products are familiar with eBay, so sellers are more prone to sell via online auction. Buyer bargaining power is weakened. Customers negotiating power As I analyzed above, eBay is a l arge network of small buyers and sellers who mainly deal with single-item sales. A seller generally sells one item to one buyer on eBay, so eBay has high prices and high margins when providing services for many buyers and sellers.Online auction site, recently experienced a dramatic increase in new member registration after eBay announced they would raise their listing fees for sellers. eBay took a prompt response by resuming the listing fee back to the original level. eBay didnt win anything in this price adjustment and readjustment, but eroded his reputation. Essentially in this online auction market, whoever has the most name recognition, wins the game. Right now, Bidvilles disadvantage in name recognition puts Bidville out as a possible alternative to eBays market space temporarily. Bay should think about more to maintain his name recognition on the long run. Patents eBay does not hold any key patented technology. A new entrant could easily emulate eBays interface. Buyer Power Cu stomers price sensitivity Online auctions dont charge sellers for storage of their goods. Fixed-price sites might charge sellers for storage. Traditional retailers incur overhead costs. Sellers have incentives to sell via online auction. On the other hand, online auctions mainly deal with unpackaged new products or secondhand products. Most buyers of such products are familiar with eBay, so sellers re more prone to sell via online auction. Buyer bargaining power is weakened. Customers negotiating power As I analyzed above, eBay is a large network of small buyers and sellers who mainly deal with single-item sales. A seller generally sells one item to one buyer on eBay, so eBay has high prices and high margins when providing services for many buyers and sellers. Supplier Power Suppliers to eBay offer technology patent, legal support for intellectual property, and fraud prevention systems. eBay has great pressure to prevent fraud, since its reputation is at stake. Buyers and sellers ca re about very much about their security.Online auction fraud in 2004 made up 16% of all consumer complaints last year, and 48% in the subset of internet-related complaints, topping the list. eBay has 0. 01% fraud rate of all transactions, but these isolated incidents receive wide media coverage, which discourages many potential customers. eBay is still improving its fraud prevention system. The fraud prevention system is launched by Microsoft Inc. and visa Intertheme Inc. As this system is necessary to eBay, it has little leverage to negotiate a better price. Many online retail systems need fraud prevention system, but there is only one supplier in the market.It has great bargaining power. Complements PayPal, as an online payment solution, is a good complement of eBays online auction business. PayPal is a neutral intermediary based on the financial infrastructure of bank accounts and credit billhooks, supported by a proprietary fraud prevention system. legal proceeding on PayPal a re of low risk to both sellers and buyers. PayPal accepts gold from the buyer in one of the three ways. Charging the buyers credit card Debiting the buyers checking account Charging from the buyers PayPal account. The buyer can always send check to his/her PayPal account.Then PayPal will email the seller about the payment made by the buyer. The seller will receive money in one of the three ways. The seller might have his own PayPal account. The payment will directly transfer to his/her account. The seller might receive a check from PayPal. PayPal directly deposits the payment into the sellers checking account. Buyers care about security. Buyers credit card numbers are only shown to PayPal. That is safer than online payment directly by credit card. Buyers also care about the cost. For transactions between PayPal customers, theres no transaction fee.PayPal makes money on the float when customers money sits in their account, PayPal is collecting interest on it. Customers generally do nt care about the interest that PayPal collects on their deposits. Customers also care about ease of use. PayPal is one of the simplest services for online transactions. All a buyer has to do is to provide his/her name, e-mail address, credit card information, and billing address. For business accounts on PayPal, merchants are charged a 2. 2% discount rate + 30 cents on the transaction. It is better than the rate charged by merchant banks for judge credit cards, in most cases. eBay Micro StrategiesIncrease brand recognition Expand the auction market by introducing PayPal to more online auction markets Credit card companies charge more for Internet-enabled merchant accounts (the accounts the merchants need to accept credit card payments on the Internet), because of the high cost to main security. Therefore, credit cards become too expensive for smaller purchases. PayPal might negotiate with credit card companies for smaller fees for their subscribers. They can cooperate to share the market in the following way merchandiser accounts on PayPal will be charged less by credit companies than those on other online payment platforms.Therefore it can increase the number of small purchases on eBay auction. Nowadays, credit cards are the primary means of purchasing air tickets and recording frequent flier miles. eBay should enter the air ticketing markets. It definitely can offer the same service with PayPal. PayPal should cooperate with more air passages and online ticketing websites. If they can integrate PayPal into ticket sales websites, eBay will have a huge potential market in air ticketing and also increase its network utility. eBay should acquire a greater online auction market share by educating online customers that PayPal is the online currency.Yahoos pocketbook failed in the online marketplace. It was not easy to establish their own online payment platform, partly because the online payment concept goes against Yahoos traditional business model. PayPal sh ould make use of its competitive advantage and offer Yahoo and other websites its specialized solutions. Perfect its proprietary fraud prevention system, which is essential to its success. eBay should let its customers, cooperative online transaction sites, online airline ticketing sites, and credit card companies all feel that transactions through eBay will lower their costs and be more valuable. Bay should cooperate with shipping companies, and make its online transactions more paying(a) eBay should work with Phish Report Network and other anti-phishing organizations more efficiently in order to prevent fake online auction sites taking its market share and damaging the whole markets reputation eBay should work with software developers to improve the security, efficiency, and adaptability of its database. eBay should convince customers that there is no intentional statement up behavior involved in its online auction practice Develop real name feature for customers.Put some restric tions on new sellers in expensive merchandise transaction or large volume sale until they have a good track record. Expand to international market, decrease national boundary barriers in terms of payment (credit card/PayPal) and shipping. Cooperate with local equivalent companies or localize by itself. Mediate between buyers and seller at Security Center. Respect both sides privacy. Solve conflicts in conservative way. Dont take risk of eBays reputation. eBay Today eBay is the worlds firstly online marketplace.Through reliable customer service, efficient information exchange, and by utilizing the latest technology, eBay has created an auction-based market community of an efficiency unheard of prior to the internet revolution. agonistic emolument eBay has used its first-mover advantage to establish itself as the most reliable and, more importantly, largest auction house on or off the internet. In 2003 alone, more than 30 million people exchanged over $20 billion. Due to the size a nd diversity of its user base, eBay is able to offer a wider selection of merchandise than any online retailer.This is made feasible by the virtual nature of eBays market sellers can market obscure items to a global market as easily as and more cheaply than they could put an ad in their local paper. Famous for matching buyers and sellers across the world with the most extreme items, eBay has developed unnumberable value in its brand name. eBay has become a household word synonymous with an eclectic online marketplace. eBay comes to the mind of any buyer looking for that rare or rarely-cheap item any seller hoping to get rid of practically anything knows a buyer is lurking somewhere on eBay.The site has become an easily identifiable collect point akin to a popular dance club on a global scale everyone whos anyone is thereand everyone else too. eBays Macro scheme eBay seeks to maintain a high level of consumer patronage by capitalizing on its unique positioning as an internet marke tplace. Globalization. Since eBay is a virtual marketplace, eBay can establish language localized sites in other countries that have access eBays full auction database. Since the seller handles the shipping details, each seller whitethorn rule the extent to which they enter the global market. Bay has already expanded into 150 countries around the world. International transactions require little additional bookkeeping cost while their benefit to the consumer is enormous every buyer and seller has access to the largest market possible. Communication By allowing buyers and sellers to meet and communicate online, eBay is able to minimize the costs of remote market research and individual exchanges of information across states and borders. This interplay is essential to mutually amicable transactions on which eBay is based.To encourage fair transactions eBay provides an efficient feedback system to allow buyers and sellers to benefit from collective experience, giving customers a strong social incentive to honor each transaction. Integration Through its acquisition of PayPal eBay gained not only market share, but also vertical integration key to its long-term success. By embracing the payment method most commonly used on its site rather than forcing an unpopular one on its user base, eBay has not only retained the existing PayPal user base but expanded to those consumers previously unsure of which method to use.In 2003 there were 40 million PayPal accountsalmost twice as many as the previous yearand these customers transferred $12 billion across 38 countries. Diversification In addition to normal auction bidding, eBay now offers a Buy-it-Now option. Sellers set fixed maximum prices at which the auction will close before it begins. This attracts auction-wary consumers from other e-commerce sites outside of the strict auction market and effectively competes with amazon. com and froogle. com for fixed-price transactions.By allowing independent sellers to maintain sto refronts online, eBay seeks to extend its position to include an even wider range of transactions, thus not only broadening its appeal but securing ties to more conservative consumer bases. The Future of eBay Industry Trends What originally began as a small industry of auctions for collectibles has mushroomed into a behemoth encompassing individual sellers, small businesses, and large retailers. The e-commerce industry is constantly growing, and many businesses rely on the reputation of eBay or one of their competitors to sell their products.As the market grows, a wider demographic range of consumers will be purchasing an increasing number of products online. For example, teenagers are the target consumers of very recent products such as cell phone ring tones and games, many of which are available exclusively online. As such varied consumer groups are emerge in the online market, there is more room for differentiation perhaps some niches are being created. Therefore, the barriers t o entry will decrease as the market expands. Competitive Trends eBay has a solid foothold as the canonical online auction site.They have a niche as an enormous community with an extremely high success rate of matching buyers and sellers. eBay is distinguished by its availability of single, used, and/or rare items, and for its floating prices. They are adequately differentiated from their competitors, and they possess roughly 70% of the online auction market share. However, due to the relatively low switching costs and entry barriers inherent in a web market, eBay must continue to be rather defensive of their position, against current competition and potential new entrants. Current CompetitorsAmazon and Yahoo Auctions are the main competitors of eBay. Ubid. com has 14% of the market share, but they have a different niche than eBay by appealing to business-to-consumer transaction. Amazon may pose a threat to eBays utter dominance they are consistently manner of speaking retailers int o e-commerce. However, this comes with a great burden. Whereas eBay has virtually no overhead, Amazon needs to store and move vast quantities of inventory. Currently, Amazons revenues are considerably greater than eBays (about twice as much), but their costs are so high that eBays annual profits are roughly ten times Amazons.Alternatively, Amazon might choose to expand its auction operations, essay to nudge eBay from its niche. Amazon would have to establish a network, a community, on the scale of eBays in order to challenge them directly. Although this could be time consuming and costly to implement, focusing on transactions in which they are merely the broker and concede no cost could greatly increase their long-term profits. Yahoo poses little threat to eBay. While they theoretically have potential for growth similar to Amazon, they leave out Amazons reputation.They also lack the cost-free transactions in which eBay luxuriates. New Entrants Online auctioning doesnt have high c osts of entry, especially the way eBay operates All a new entrant needs is merchant software there is no need for warehouses or expensive machinery. However, many companies have tried to enter this lucrative market and have failed. New entry is difficult because eBay has an enormous community, which gives tremendous network value to both buyers and sellers. Any entrant would have to build up a network from scratch. Conceivably, if a new company entered a niche market, e. g. uctions of teenage clothing and cell phone accessories, they could survive, but such a market would likely be too small to gain any measurable market share. Alternately, a website that already has a large community would be able to enter more easily. For example, Craigs List has a network of millions of users, who rely on it for matching them up with people who can fulfill their specific needs. It would be simple enough to add an auction section to the site, and take advantage of this existing network to compete with eBay. Froogle, a new service from Google, may everlastingly change the way online shopping is done.While it currently is a beta version, it looks to be a promising engine for online shoppers to quickly search nearly all online stores for the products they desire. While Froogle isnt an entrant to the online auction market (yet), it is certainly the beginning of a powerful new substitute service. Froogle may be very chancy to eBay for many reasons. Google already has a huge network of search-users and advertisers. If vendors (especially specialized vendors, as many on eBay are) can set up their own online stores and be piece for free on Froogle, they have less of a reason to pay eBay for its high access. Bay certainly still has a lot going for it, (security and reputation) but may soon find its network challenged by Froogle users. eBays Response eBay recently started Business. eBay, a new business-to-business online auction that spans all sectors, from mining to farming. eBay is aware that they may need to accommodate larger retailers in order to grow, and to challenge Amazons growth in this direction. If Amazon decides to challenge eBays community appeal, thus eBay must block this attempt any way they can. A simple method would be to start a price war. Bays costs are so negligible compared to Amazons that Amazon could not possibly survive a price war. EBay could almost give away auctions to sellers, whereas this categorization of competition would bankrupt Amazon. If a new entrant emerges, eBays best bet is to rely on the value of their community. Even a company trying to enter into a niche market would have a difficult time building a network large enough to attract eBay customers. In the rare case of an established community site entering into online auctioning, eBay should ensnarl in a price war if they believe this sites community is comparable to theirs. Bay is famous for their extreme efficiency, and any entrant would likely be somewhat ineffic ient due to their inexperience. eBays best response to Froogle is to hold their security and reputation to their users If you buy from eBay, you know you will have a safe and fraud-free transaction, especially if you pay with PayPal. On the other hand, if someone buys from an online shop found on Froogle, he has no idea how reliable the vendor is, or if his credit card information will be safe.If buyers are reluctant to engage in potentially insecure transactions outside of eBay, buyers and sellers alike will continue to complete their transactions through eBay. Summary eBay virtually monopolizes the online auction market, due to their large network value, extremely low costs, reputation for security, and efficient operations. When confronted with competition, eBay either relies on its community niche, or buys out the competition (i. e. Half. com and PayPal). They have created a market where entry is very difficult, and competitors are relatively powerless, particularly given the t hreat of a price war.These advantages should ensure eBays continued domination of online auctions in the future. However, they should flirt larger retailers, as Amazon has, to expedite their growth. eBay is likely to stay the leading online auctioneer for quite some time, as long as they remain universal to the ever-dynamic online market. eBay has proven to be a successful chameleon in the past, making lucrative acquisitions and modifying its business model, depending on the state of the online market. As long as eBay continues to sharply maintain its community and reputation of security, it will dominate the online auction market.References 1. Crockett, Roger O. No Plastic? No Problem. BusinessWeek online. . October 23, 2000. 2. eBay 2003 Annual Report. . 3. Hof, Rob. Meet eBays Auctioneer-in-Chief. BusinessWeek online. . May 29, 2003. 4. Hof, Robert D. The eBay Economy. BusinessWeek online. . August 25, 2005. 5. Lewis, Marilyn. eBay and Amazon. webservicespipeline. . de clination 22, 2004. 6. Perez, Juan Carlos. Online auction providers grapple with fraud. Computerworld. . Februrary 17, 2005. 7. Roberts, Paul. Microsoft, eBay, Visa form Phish Report Network. Computerworld. . February 14, 2005

Travel agency or company

The act of triggering to different places for leisure or amateur purposes is leisure travel and holidaymakerry is a travel for leisure or recreational purposes. Globalization has increased the tourism industry a big boost. Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries that contribute greatly to the economy of a dry land in this era of globalization. Majority of the working class spend their leisure time for travel. Many services describe a leisure travel understand that admit guided tours, farm stay tours, tours for the activity of the kids, sport programmes at resorts or hotels, and weekend adaptation/holiday piles.A travel agency or phoner sells the travel services, particularly the mail boat travel. There are commonly three types of three different types of agencies that include multiples, maniples and independent agencies. The multiples comprise of national chains of outside(a) conglomerates. A mailboat travel comprises of a pre-ar meanderd travel for 24 hours, whi ch is a combination of accommodation, transport and a tourist service such as merriment that trunks a significant part of the package. Normally there exists an exclusive determine for this package travel.The package is generally wind for a discount and the travel society should provide the instruction regarding the requirements of the visa and passport, health requirements. The Brisbane is the state capital of Queensland, Australia, with tourism as an valuable industry for the economy of the state attracting 4. 9 million of domestic and 0. 9 million international visitors annually. Brisbane neighbors the tourism capital of Australia, the gold coast, with golden beaches and exciting nightlife.The present paper discusses on designing the leisure travel fruit, a package tour to the Brisbane the capital of the state of Queensland, Australia. It also analyses the existing market opportunities for the product when compared with the products of the similar nature. Variables of the marketing mix in a package tour harvest-home The product in the tourism industry is the customer value, and for the elements of the marketing mix to be effective, it is fundamental to concentrate on the unique characteristics of the product for tourism, the demand and the range of the determinants for the demand.In a tourism industry, for a strategic planning of the product there are two possible approaches that include, Market approach and the destination approach. It is important to demand the right package of products to make the market more attractive. Securing a unique position and a good reputation in the market is very important for the strategic place of the product in the market. A package of benefits and passs that can meet the expectations of the visitors, investors will increase the business.Promotion Communication in an effective way plays an important role that increases the effectiveness of the market. Awareness of the product it is important to make the customer aware of the product to get the attention of the customer. Interest generating interest on the product plays an important role. Desire Creating a desire that is related to the needs relative to the competitors is important. Action stimulating the tooshie market to purchase the product plays an important role.Giving the information and building awareness of the product, creating a positive attitude towards the product, and creating a good climate for purchase by clearing the doubts about the product are near of the attributes that has to be considered for promoting a product. The product offering in the form of stimulus input that provokes for a holiday tour, taking the full advantage of product promotional material through the communication channels such as guides, brochures etc, will motivate the customers to purchase the product.Price The outlay factor in the tourism industry is perceived in terms of value for money. This is large(p)ly influenced by the prior expectation of t he customer as to how expensive or cheap the trip would be. The price and the perception the price in the market needs to be handles carefully in the marketing mix. Description of the travel product, the package tour A package tour is a service that comprises of transport and accommodation organized by a tour operator and sold by a travel agent.The package tour of the modernistic times has evolved from the package tours of 1960s when there was a package tour that comprises of flights, accommodation and transfers. These package tours mostly existed in the United Kingdom where most of the the great unwashed got an affordable travel to various destinations including the foreign travel. With a decreasing demand for the package tour, the sector is now largely operated by a few large tour operators. With the advent of dynamic tour package, the consumers have the freedom to choose their own packages consisting of accommodation, flights and transfers.(First conferences battle, 2005). Analy sis of the product Australian cultural environment is unique in that it is a combination of the aboriginal, Europe and American cultures. The excellent cities, snowfields, deserts, rain forests, and the golden beaches of Australia provide a wealth of travel experiences. Australia is a tourist attraction for its events, liberal arts from aboriginal culture, antiques, cuisine and most of all the flexible government policies to obtain visas for the foreign tourists.Contributing a large share to the economy, tourism in Australia represents about 5. 9% of the GDP. With a large number of domestic and international tourists visiting every year, there is a lot of scope for the dynamic package tours in the country. Activities and benefits of a package tour The activity of a package tour is to plan a journey to a different place without many hazels at a reasonable cost. The benefits of the tour include the avoiding the hassles of searching for accommodation in a new place and all accommodatio n and transportation are pre arranged.With packaging to tourism the tourism operators get the benefits such as increase in the sales, increasing marketability of the product and increase of the share in the market beyond the own resources. seat markets Many tourists buy the package tours as they feel it is the secure, economical and a convenient way for a leisure travel. The travel agents can use this opportunity to enhance their product value by offering some compliments along with their services. The best packages give appealing experiences for a good value to the target market.The best package chooses specific products ground on the best fit in the target market. Price Price of the package is decided upon the per customer tail and is calculated based on variable costs, fixed costs and the overhead or the marketing costs. All these costs together with the profit will form the basic package of the price. Location/schedules Many travelers and the budget minded in particular, pre fer the travel that is safe convenient and secure. These package travels are useful for those who travel for an unfamiliar location that is exotic that can be covered in a short period.Many of the partially escorted tours take care of transportation and lodging in which meals are excluded. Personnel for the package tour The warm and friendly personnel and their welcoming and receiving nature will give the tourists a relaxation. The relaxing environment provided by the personnel at every stage of the travel gives a feeling that the tourists feel excited and relaxed. Physical facilities for a package tour The organizations, which offers services for package tours has to change the strategy in such a way that the package offered constantly meets the demands of the customer.By considering the aspirations of the tourists, it is possible to manage the resources effectively. Process management policies The process management policies include package types that supports user-defined product types, dynamic packages that allows choice of items adjusted according to the budget, flexibility in accommodating the packages in different seasons, a complete rule based pricing mechanism, managing multiple currencies, pooled inventory management and powerful traveler reward programme. Competitive advantage or unique selling pointFor selling a package, it is beneficial to develop the package that has appealing inventory of experiences, and support services. Developing a package concept that includes setting a theme, market position, and giving a full description of the specific services are appealing to the target market that give a competitive advantage. Travel products offered by one company software product tour-1 The package includes four eld and three nights, and the price includes morning city sights, rivers and return private car transfers to airport, hotel and the choice of selecting star hotels including one lunch.Package tour-2 The package tour includes four days and three nights. The pricing includes escorted touring with knowledgeable guides. One night each at pinnacles, beach, museums, that includes six meals (3 breakfasts and 3 dinners). Package tour-3 The package includes flipper days and four nights, the price includes accommodation for two nights at rain forest retreat, excursions, guided walks, morning and afternoon teas, accommodation for two nights at a resort, four breakfasts and one lunch and private car transfer to hotel and airport.Analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of each package tour Package tour-1 Strengths The strengths include city viewing in the morning, offering choice to choose a star hotel for accommodation and transport by private cars to airport and hotel. Weaknesses The weaknesses include providing only one lunch during the period of stay. Package tour-2 Strengths That include visit for the museums, viewing wild flowers, dolphins, beaches, and pinnacles and offering six meals. Weaknesses Not offering transport by a private car to the hotels and airport.Package tour-3 Strengths The strengths include providing accommodation for two nights at rain forest retreat, with excursions and guided walks, all transfers, and private car transfer to hotel and airports. Weaknesses The weaknesses include providing only four breakfasts and one lunch as the travelers has to visit the rain forest retreat. Proposed travel product The travel product comprises of a trip to Brisbane a global city that provides relaxation. The stay includes 3 days and two nights.The price includes two nights at Brisbane, transports by a private car to hotel and airport visit to a psychiatric hospital, and high lights of the city in the afternoon, and a tour to the zoo. The price also includes three lunch and two breakfasts and one dinner and the choice of choosing one out of the three good star hotels for accommodation. The price will be reasonable at 520 US dollars. Presentation of the product A trip to Brisbane A trip to discov er a young cosmopolitan city Brisbane will relax you from the hassles of routine life.Stay 3 days and two nights Price two nights at Brisbane private car transfers to the airport and hotel visit to sanctuary afternoon highlights of the city a tour to the zoo three lunch, two breakfasts and one dinner Day-1 Transport by a private car, a tourist guide will accompany a tour to the afternoon high lights of the city. A visit to the wild life sanctuary, and choice of choosing a hotel Day-2 Visit to the zoo, entertainment by many shows and demonstrations. Day-3Transfer to airport from Brisbane by a private car References From the journals 1. Angel roper(2005), Marketing standardisationtour operators in the nordic region European journal of marketing,vol. 39(5/6), pp. 514-27 2. Jay kadumpally(2000), The impact of demand fluctuation on the quality of service a tourism industry example. Managing service quality, vol. 10(1), pp. 10-19. From the internet 3. Travel Agents Could Lose prosc ribed in the Dynamic Packaging Battle, First Conferences Ltd. (2005).

Hitchens’s Concepts of Religion and Politics Essay

one(a) of the most controversial man, Christopher Hitchens, in his letters, Letters to a Young Contrarian (2001), implies that people of the contemporary company should avoid thinking other than for themselves by taking on the pathway of being a contrarian. His purpose is to help individuals on how they think, and not what they think by making them a more independent and questioning person (63). The letters take us through a pathway of what is means to be a contrarian. He uses great personal and current examples to explain why individuals should have a voice for their own. Two of the most important topics in which he to a great extent discusses about are religion and racism. Throughout Hitchens letters, he uses pathos and logos appeals to create arguments in which defy religion and racism in an effective manner.One of the most debatable topics in Hitchenss letters is about religion.Hitchens argues his point on why he is against religion using an ethos approach. He gains credibilit y with the listening by mentioning, I can speak with more experience of the Christian propaganda, since I was baptized ass an Anglican, educated at a Methodist embarkment school with compulsory religious instruction and was once received into the Greek Orthodox Church for reasons that are irrelevant here. (59) While I do tote up that he has gained some credibility being that he once experienced a life of what its like to be a believer of God, I dont think it makes his argument any stronger.In this way, Hitchens argue his beliefs and appealing to the audiences emotions. In some ways I nip sorry for racists and for religious fanatics, because they miss the point of being human, and deserve a sort of pity. But then I harden my heart, and decide to hate them each the more, because of the misery they inflict and because of the contemptible excuse they advance for doing so. It especially annoys me when racists are accused of discrimination. The ability to discriminate is a precious fa culty by adjudicate all members of one race to be the same, the racist precisely shows himself incapable of discrimination. (110)

Term Paper For Computer Shop

INTRODUCTIONAs the popularity of internet continues to grow at an exponential rate, easy and affordable access code is quickly befitting a necessity of life. Public wants access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the internet, and access at a represent they can afford and in such a way that they atomic number 18 not socially, economically, and politically isolated. Computer betray transmission line is one of the most in demand line of descentes here in Rizal. Nowadays, internet cafes are really in demand because of the fast changing technology that the slew embraced, just like here in the Philippines.Most of students and professionals and students depend on the internet for research and projects, social cyberspaceing sites and others. slightly have their own laptops and bring it to coffee shops so that they could relax and at the aforementioned(prenominal) time form their assignments and paper works, and also, the number one reaso ns for calculator shop for being in demand nowadays is the earnings and on-line games where many people specially students were inclined. And for that, there is a stiff competition in the give tongue to business. For you to have edge over the other shops there are some key factors you need to dole out first is the stability and reliability of your connections/ net income and innovativeness of your shop.These studies discuss necessary things you need standards you need to follow to gain ground that connection/network reliability and stability. And also these studies discuss common problems and solutions encountered by shop owners, problems that happen because of the ignorance for networking standards and malpractice in structured cabling.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMJDB Computer Shop encountered different problems on their daily operations, problems from their connections, hardware and software issues and the convenience of their customers. Listed beneath are the following problems that need to be sufficed. 1. How will JDB Computer Shop attains reliability and stability of their network and internet connections? 2. How will the establishment resolve those connection lag that leads to disconnection? 3. How will the establishment resolve hardware and software issues? 4. How will JDB Computer Shop maximize their space without compromising the convenience of their customers? entailment OF THE STUDYInvesting in a computer shop business is a risk but analyzing and studying your business will lead you nowhere but to success, and this study will show the economical, technological and educational deduction of that.ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCEInitial investment for a computer shop is very expensive you need huge amount of jacket crown depending on the size of your shop. Computers and software took most of the capital, followed by network infrastructure. Using the proper equipments, cables, network devices, computer hardware and software, and following the standards in str uctured cabling will give additional costs. Initially it will cost you more compare to not following those things but in the long run you will do good from it economically speaking because following standards will never go wrong. Example according to network standards network infrastructure life-span is upwards of 16 years using generic type cables, low-end computer units and software tends to break up every now and then but using proper materials and devices will save you a give out from those repairs and maintenance.EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCEThis study will be very beneficial educationally because it discuss common computer shop problems, discuss solutions to those problems and discuss specific standards regarding computer networking which will benefit those people who wants to establish this kind of business ventures. And also this study will serve as a guide for students that will conduct the same study like this.TECHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCEIn technical side of this study the stu dy show different approach on how to give solutions for some technical problems regarding computer networking and structured cabling. It also features some latest technological alteration when it comes to information technology which will be significant for JDB computer shop owner and also the users.SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONSCOPEThe scope of this study is listed below1. Structured cabling of the existing network setup. 2. Hardware and Software upgrade for workstations and server. 3. Physical battle array of workstations.DELIMITATIONThe study does not the cover following 1. Reconstructions of the existing location. 2. Additional Units.

Define Project

pic exit 1 correct attend What is a retch? A roam is the defined set of broadcastned and curbd activities carried pop tabu for a period of prison term with a defined start and stopping point date. A start is designed to award a set of products or services as agreed with the run into clients and stakeholders. It has a lifecycle which is the process by which the dispatch is undertaken. Five features that differentiate swans from ordinary head for the hills atomic number 18 that they have defined scramning and end dates have a unique purpose with specific objectives that seemly the client goals and requirements within specified caliber and performance criteria part resources, such as money, cadence, people and equipment that have been all in allocated to the leap out usually follow a planned and anatomical structured progression to meet their objectives have a primary snitch or stakeholder who decl atomic number 18 oneselfs explosive charge and funding. Projects can be simple and easily handled by one person or large and building complex honks requiring many resources and the specialised skills of a dedicated cast off manager and team. What is experience precaution? Project worry is about striving to meet specific time, equal, quality and resource objectives.At the same time it must alleviate the entire process so as to meet the quests and expectations of all people affected by fancy activities. Project attention is about making compound through the use of techniques, tools and resources that manage change throughout the life of the discombobulate. Project management involves the tolerate manager and team applying knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to brook activities to achieve the requirements of the project. It is a continuous process utilising planning, organising, monitoring and controlling in all aspects of the project to achieve external and midland objectives.It excessively encompasses the closure and evaluation of the project. Managing a project acknowledges ? identifying the requirements of the project ? establishing clear and achievable objectives ? balancing demands for quality, scope, time and cost ? adapting the specifications, plans and approach to meet the different concerns and expectations of the stakeholders ? closing and evaluating the project Below is an overview of the aspects of a project that contend to be determined and developed. What to determine What this involves Project scope attain and plan the objectives, desired outcomes, limitations and budget. Time declivity Determine the time within which the project is to be completedinvolves planning, estimating, scheduling and controlling. A schedule for the life of the project is developed. cost Determine the costs associated with successful projection expiration. This involves cost estimation and forecasting, cost budgeting, cost control and cost applications. A budget is developed. Quality process es, systems and outcomes Construct a quality management plan. Human resources Human resources be necessitate for project tasks, eg for organising resources, managing staff performance and leading the project team, etc.A human resource management plan is developed. Communications processes Ensure all parties with an raise in the project atomic number 18 kept up-to-date throughout the life of the project. A communication theory plan is constructed. Risks and any uncertainty with processes Risks fate to be determine, analysed, evaluated, treated, monitored and or performance reviewed.A risk management plan is constructed. Goods, services or support Identify what matures, services and support ar necessitateed and determine who depart be the best person (or people) to provide these. It also involves developing effective interpersonal relationships and finalising any contracts or thoughts. The procurement needs for the project will need to be outlined. ev ery(prenominal) the elements outlined above will need to be integrated with each different in line with the process and procedures of the brass instrument. This involves acknowledging and considering how the different functions within the project inter match as surface as how the project interrelates with the organisation. The project lifecycle What is a projects lifecycle or the process by which it is undertaken? The phases in a project lifecycle ar chassis 1 Initiation and archetype variety 2 Planning and development Phase 3 Implementation and execution Phase 4 Finalisation and review. The Initiation and Concept Phase In the installing phase of a project, the hobby needs to go Write a description of the project concept/background Identify stakeholders Identify project objectives Define the scope of work to be carried out associate to the development of the broad strategy which identifies preliminary agreed phases, milestones and deliverables Identify constra ints and as substanceptions learn the preliminary budget Develop the preliminary risks judgment Develop the broad quality plan Develop a broad communications plan. Work come out Learning Activity Find out about the range in the types of projects that argon managed by your organisation (or one with which you are familiar). How do they vary in size and complexity as advantageously as in their aims and objectives? Talk to your mentor or colleagues with project management experience about their projects (current or completed). Begin with general questions such as What do they see as the characteristics of a project? How was the project initiated? The project manager With responsibilities spanning the entire lifecycle of the project from its planning, implementation, monitoring and control through to its closing and evaluation the project manager is key to the success of the project. The project manager must have the ability to build relationships with all key stakeholder s, including management, clients, suppliers as well as team members build and lead an effective team this will include motivating team members (eg by reinforcing to each person that they play an serious role and by organism optimistic and enthusiastic) manage interpersonal relationships problem-solve and make decisions negotiate with new(prenominal)wises to meet their needs as well as those of the project empathise with clients develop a vision for the project that can be sell to the team and key stakeholders exercise a high degree of professionalism communicate with all stakeholders provide reports as required. Workplace Learning Activity If you are already manifold in backing up a project in your workplace, clarify the following What is the role of the project manager? If you are non the project manager, what is your role within the project? Here is some other suggestion for workplace learning Interview a project manager to convalesce out what their role was within a recently-completed project.Ask them about the characteristics of a safe project manager skills and knowledge they call for in bless to function as an effective project manager. Define project stakeholders Knowing who the stakeholders are is critical to any project. Stakeholders are idiosyncratics or organisations who have an interest in, or involvement with, the project. Stakeholders have an impact on or are affected by the project. To pick up support for a project, the stakeholders must be identified as early as likely in a project lifecycle.Project team responsibilities As the project manager, you need to clearly identify the limits of each project team members tariff. Questions to ask include What is the overall responsibility of the project manager? What is the responsibility of individual project team members? How will changes to project specifications, deliverables, scheduling, resource usage, and other aspects of the project be managed? Who is obligat ed for each of these? Each team member should have clearly defined responsibilities to ensure that they understand what they areand are notallowed to do.Otherwise one person may go off and approve changes that have not been authorised and cause the project to go in the wrong direction, go over budget, or ultimately fail. Project reporting requirements When you are developing or reviewing the scope of a project, make sure to include reporting guidelines, such as when to report to the project sponsor, stakeholders and project team. (It should be on a steady arse. ) Thither are a few different ways to meet reporting requirements you may need to use several of these methods together hold project team meetings where each team member reports on the jump on of the project hold a sponsor or stakeholder meetings where you report on the progress of the project provide written reports send email reports use the reporting facilities in any project management software you may be using. R eporting requirements for a project are put in place to ensure that all those regard are kept up-to-date with the projects progress. They also provide the opportunity to report any changes or unforeseen events. This means that such things can be ascertain quicklybefore they get out of hand.The important thing is that everyone involved has a clear understanding of their reporting requirements, and that these requirements are met. Workplace Learning Activity If you are already involved in setting up a project in your workplace, wait notes on the process of functional with stakeholders. To get you started with your notes, here are some questions that you could address Who are the stakeholders? What are the issues that need to be clarified with stakeholders? What are the benefits of involving stakeholders? What are the rights and obligations of stakeholders? If you are a project manager (or managing part of the project), what are your obligations to stakeholders? Access projec t scope and other pertinent information Before commencing a project, thither is a need for you to get a true understanding of the exact objectives of the project and the scope of work required to be do in order to achieve each objective. The following will need to be understood Why is the project being undertaken? Are there limitations that may restrict the way the project is carried out? Exactly what is expected to done (or achieved)? What is not expected to be done? Will adequate resources be purchasable? Where and when will resources be needed? What is the cost of the project? Is the client (or organisation) comfortable with the suggested strategy for spending the project money? The project manager will also need an agreement about the support that will be granted to the project. Prepare the project scope definition and scope roll The project manager may be asked to prepare the scope definition and scope document or be given one to follow.The project manager is usuall y involved in developing the scope. The scope should be as specific as possible and tell all stakeholders exactly what is to be achieved on completion of the project. Scope document checklist The following should always be included in a scope document Background overview of project Objectives to be achieved i. . both primary and secondary objectives Scope definition as stated above the scope should be as specific as possible and tell all stakeholders exactly what is to be achieved on completion of the project Broad strategy for achievement of projects phases Constraints around which project is to work Exclusions showing what work is not to be done Assumptions and questions to be answered Related projects that may have an effect on your project or projects that may be affected by your project Preliminary budget Preliminary risk assessment Broad plans for communication and quality (may also be included). A scope document shows the scope, or extent, of a project.L ets look at the key sections and an example of a project scope document. pic The things you will find in a project scope document Key sections of a scope document dent Details Scope statement or definition This clearly states the project goal, objectives and deliverables. If it is not specified in the scope statement then it is outside the scope of the project and is not relevant.Project tasks should only address work that is relevant to the project goal and objectives. Project constraints These are any limiting factors that prevent the project from pitiful in a particular path. Examples include You have dependent tasks that impact on specific areas of the project, for example, tasks that cannot begin unless another one has started. You have a deadline that cannot be changed. The implementation work for a system advertize can only be done on the weekend, when staff are not at work. Assumptions These are aspects that the project manager builds into the scope doc ument to allow for any uncertainties that may occur. Examples of assumptions include Fifteen recent personal computers need to be purchased for the project. altogether staff need yearly training in OHS. All resources for the project will be sourced from outside of the company. Tasks list You need to specify a list of tasks (and deliverables) to be achieved during the project. They are all the activities that need to take place to bring the project to completion.The deliverables include all the documentation, reports, contracts and products that need to be produced and signed-off on by those in authority. Estimates (cost, time and You need to make initial estimates in relation to cost, time and human resource human resources) requirements. These identify the boundaries of the project to enable you to balloon into the more dilate estimates that are needed to develop the full project plan. Contract statement This will include the name calling of those authorised t o initiate contract work, sign contracts and completion acceptances. It also includes any contractual limitations and penalty statements for possible contract variations. (Variations and penalties apply equally to the client and providers. ) The following is an example of a scope document, in this deterrent example for a project to install animal hatch bins in local parks. Sample scope document Project Scope Project Information (Please complete all) Project Sponsor Project Name give chase Smith Animal litter bins full general Manager Sponsoring Department/Client Directive from Council Meeting lay & Gardens Project Leader Arens Sirkel Scope the project The project will encompass the installing of animal litter bins and bag dispensers in all council parks. The bins and bags are to be purchased from Animal Litter Limited after recommendations from neighbouring councils.The project is to be completed within six weeks at an all up cost not surpassing $24 ,000. Description of the project (What is the vision? What will the finished product look like? ) The animal litter bins will be installed in prominent locations in each park, while also being bordering to entrances to allow efficient removal of waste by our waste management contractor. Identify the strategic objectives which relate to this project To reduce animal litter by encouraging owners to pick up after their pets. Identify the main target audience Pet owners. What are the intended outcomes/deliverables of the project? That pet owners will use the bags provided to clean up their pets litter and deposit the bags in the bins provided, other bins or their own bins at home. What are the particular aspects of the project? Installation of bins. Other comments Collection of waste and replacement of bags has been contracted to our waste management contractor. A public awareness campaign will be conducted by council after the bins have been installed. Proposed projec t timeline Dates/Time Notes Project lifespan include dates or total time required for completion Phase 1 Scoping and feasibility not required Directed by council, scoped by General Manager Phase 2 Planning 4 days Phase 3 Implementation 3 weeks Phase 4 Evaluation 2 days Proposed budget Detail proposed budget or financial constraints for the project. Overtime return/contractor payments $ 7,000 Bins & posts $ 15,000 Materials (cement, etc) $ 2,000 Scope signoff This scope has been approved by Bob Smith_____________________ Project Sponsor Department General Manager Date_____/_____/_____ Use the scope document during the whole project It is a good idea to revisit the scope document while the project is running, to check that the project is meeting its objectives and to make sure that activities are within its scope. During the plan phase you should use the scope document as a basis to expand into a precise activity list of the project deliverables. W orkplace Learning Activity If you are already involved in a team that is setting up a project in your workplace, keep notes on the scoping process. To get you started with your notes, here are questions you could address What does a project scope define? Who was involved in identifying the scope? What tools were used to describe the scope? What was involved in risk management planning? How will the scope provide a foundation for subsequent steps in the project? How was it carried out? How long did the process take? Here are other suggestions for workplace learning Find out about project scoping procedures in your organisation (or one you are familiar with) Ask your mentor or colleagues involved in project scoping if you could sit in on their scoping meetings or join the project scoping team. blab to people in your organisation about how the scope for their projects was identified. Identify a small project that you could manage as part of your work and develop a scope definition (this could come in helpful for you later). Seek clarification of issues related to the project and parameters With any project, there is a project sponsor (or sponsors) a person or organisation who might be a backer or financier.A project sponsors role includes the ones below provides a single point of reference regarding management decisions reports project progress to boards and top management. provides clarification of any issues related to project and project parameters. Note that there may also be other stakeholders, eg, the main client, funding body, or manager who may also need to be contacted for clarification at regular intervals throughout a project. Workplace Learning Activity If you are already involved in a project team in your workplace, answer the questions below.Alternatively, obtain answers to these questions from a project manager in your organisation (or one you are familiar with). Who is the project sponsor (or sponsors)? What are the types of issues would you need to clarify with a sponsor? Apart from the sponsor, are there any other stakeholders who you can approach for clarification about aspects of the project? Clarify relationship of the project to other projects and the organisations objectives It is important that the project manager and team understand how the project they are on the job(p) on fits in with the organisation and other related projects that may be in progress. In your workplace, you will probably find that there are a number of projects that are running concurrently.They may be completely self-contained projects with no one project having any bearing on any of the others. However, the following may also occur Your project may need to be completed before another can begin or vice versa (your project will not be able to begin before the other project is completed) Allocation of resources such as staff, funds and equipment, may be affected, eg there may be tools or templates developed for one project that will be used or adapted for the new project. It is good policy to establish a relationship with other project managers especially where the project they are working on has bearing on the new project. Workplace Learning Activity If you are already involved in a project team within in your workplace, answer these questions below. How does the project you are working on fit in the organisation? What other projects are related to this project and how? Here is another suggestion Interview a project manager to find out how they identified other projects that had a bearing on the project they have recently completed in the workplace. . Determine and access available resources to undertake the projectThe resources that are generally utilised within projects are people internal staff and sometimes contractors and other staff external to the organisation tools and equipment time raw materials money. In order to identify the resources needed for a project, you will, firstly, need to determine what tasks will need to be carried out to arrive at the project outcomes. Achieving your project objectives means blending activities and tasks to be carried out with time and funds available. The work breakdown structure (west by south) is a complete list of all the work that needs to be carried out to achieve the milestones, phases and/or objectives of the project.A WBS will allow the planning sequence of activities and tasks and where they have a dependency on other activities and tasks. From the WBS, the schedule, resources and the cost of the project will be determined. A WBS will also lead to an understanding of the overall project. A WBS can take one of two approaches either a top-down approach or a bottom-up approach Top-down approach The objectives are analysed to determine the phases the project must go through as it moves towards completion. A logical break-up of phases might be on the basis of major decision points or milestones. Bottom-up approach This approach is a reverse of the top-down approach. Tasks to meet the project objective are determined and separate with related tasks to form activities.Activities are then grouped to form project phases in logical sequences. This allows resources, duration and dependencies to be allocated at the task level. The cost of the individual resources will need to be calculated in order to determine the overall costs and budget for the project. How long a task will take will affect the cost of the project. Once the WBS is determined, calculations can be made for each task incorporating time allotted for each task as well as the resources and staff required. A dollar value is applied to each task and the sum total becomes the budget. In the initiation phase, a preliminary budget is prepared for the resources required and this is then detailed fully in the project plan. Workplace Learning Activity If you are already involved in a project team in your workplace, answer the quest ions below. How were the resources identified for the project? What resources will be required for this project? What staff (and skills) is required for the project? How did you prepare the work breakdown structure? Here are other suggestions for workplace learning Interview a project manager to find out how they identified the resources for the project they have recently completed in the workplace.Also ask of the project manager the questions outlined above. location documentation that was compiled to identify resources within a project. much resources For a comprehensive list of current readings and websites for Topic 1 Define Project please see the OLS for this unit and see Additional Resources and Websites. Contents What is a project? 1 Define project stakeholders 6 Access project scope and other relevant documentation 8 Seek clarification of issues relating to the project and parameters 15 Clarify relationship of project to other projects and organisations objecti ves 16 Determine and access available resources to undertake project 18 More resources 19