‘Describe and Evaluate Carl Jung’s Theory Concerning Personality Types Essay

Introduction In this back b superannuatednessvass I aim to show an apprehension of Jungs exclusive(prenominal)ity symbols by depicting and measuring his system and to demo how they might useful in assisting a therapist to see to it curative ends. I lead anyways look at close to of the unfavorable judgments levelled at Jungs system. Carl Gustav Jung. ( 26 July 1875 6 June 1961 ) . was a Swiss psychologist and head-shrinker. and the laminitis of analytical mental science. His mannish p atomic number 18nt was a Pastor. and he had an stray kidskinhood. going re all toldy introverted. it seems he had a schizophrenic temperament.Although Freud was involved with analytical mental science and take ined with patients with hysteric neuroticisms Jung. nevertheless. utilisationed with psychotic patients in infirmary. He was struck by the cosmopolitan symbols ( or Arche tokens ) in their psychotic beliefs and hallucinations ( reviewer. Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder ( 1989 ) p. 107 ) . His work and influence ex pitchs look beyond defending individualizedity. and he is considered to be superstar of the greatest minds to hold theorised about sustenance and how volume relate to it.Carl Jung was among many great mortalality theoreticians who displace inspiration and counsel from the ancient divinatory accounts like star vaticination and the quartet Dispositions. For 100s of old ages at that place has been almost sort of typology to examine and catswelled headrize individuals attitudes and behavior. e. g. Astrology. Oriental astrologists invented the oldest signifier of typology believing is that in that location is a in the flesh(predicate)ity trait that is relevant to all(prenominal) mark and that a persons character/personality can be classify in terra firmas of the elements fire H2O air and Earth.Those under fire had a ardent reputation and corresponding disposition and destiny. etc. The ancient classicals believed in the quate rnary temperaments / four humours . which can be traced back to Ancient Greek medical specialty and doctrine ( 400BC ) . spoticularly in the work of Hippocrates the receive of Medicine ) and in Platos ideals about character and personality. It was believed that in govern to keep wellness. masses needed an even proportion of the four thorough structure fluids blood. emotionlessness. xanthous gall. and black gall.These four organic structure fluids were conjugate to certain(p) variety meats and unwellnesss and besides represented the quaternary Temperaments or Four Humours of personality. The Grecian doctor Galen ( AD 130-200 ) subsequently introduced the facet of four canonic dispositions reflecting the wits the sanguine. floaty type the phlegmatic. sulky type the choleric. choleric type and the melancholiac. dejected type. Galen besides classified drugs in footings of their supposed effects on the four wits.He on that burdenfore created a systematic usher or choosing drugs. which although scientifically wrong were the foundation rock of handling psychological and psychiatric unwellnesss. Carl Jung approached personality and psychological types ( besides referred to as Jungs psychological types ) from a position of clinical sagacity psychology. He was one of the few psychologists in the twentieth century to keep that softenment extends beyond childhood and adolescence through and through mid- conduct and into old age. He focused on set uping and developing a relationship amid aw ar and unconscious procedures.Jung believed that Page 2 there was a duologue between the conscious(p) and unconscious and without it the unconscious procedures can weaken and even endanger the personality and this is seen in one of his cardinal number constructs of individualization. He believed that individualization is a life long procedure of personal development that involves set uping a connexion between the ego and the ego. which could be brought to its highe st realization if worked with and the unconscious was confronted. ( Stevens 1999 ) Jung. like Freud. referred to the self-importance when depicting the more than witting facet of personality.Unlike Freud he did non seek to understate the unconscious side of the personality. moreover alternatively gave it equal position. complimentary to that of the witting. He referred to the integrated personality as ego the Centre of the entire mind. including deuce the witting and the unconscious. The Self includes all of a persons qualities and potencies whether or non they become lucid at a peculiar phase of life. The end of therapy is to steer the thickening to go a whole a compassionate being as personal fortunes go away let.It was out of Jungs confrontation with the unconscious. both in himself and in his patients. that he easy elaborated his psychological science. In his 1921 work. constitution Types . Jung comp atomic number 18d his four presents ( as shown below ) of personali ty to the four points on a compass. While a individual faces one way. he or she quiet down uses the other points as a usher. Most people keep one routine as the dominant one although some people whitethorn develop twain over a life-time. It is that the individual who achieves self-realisation that has wholly developed all four maps.His book besides acted as the compass by which Jung tested to understand how he differed from Freud and Adler. but more significantly. could get down to chart the internal universe of people. Jungs Four Psychological Functions are as follows Rational Functions? thought process ( procedure of cognitive idea ) ? Feeling ( map of internal testment or paygrade ) enabling de terminal figureination doing Irrational Functions? sense ( perceptual experience utilizing the corporal sense variety meats? Intuition ( receptiveness to unconscious subject areas ) preparation the information on which to do judgements.Jung held a deep grasp of yeasty life and considered spiritualty a cardinal atom of the human journey. there is a whole literature associating Jungian psychological science and spiritualty. in the first place from a Christian position. This literature includes Hagiographas by Kelsey ( 1974. 1982 ) and by Sanford ( 1968. 1981 ) . Caprio and Hedbergs ( 1986 ) approach shot Home A Handbook for Researching the Sanctuary Within is a realistic usher for religious work in the Christian tradition. It contains striking personal narratives. first-class illustrations. and efficacious exercisings.( Frager & A Fadiman 2005 ) Jungs description of personality provinces that in order to Page 3 place a psychological type it is necessary to find whether a individual is oriented principally toward his inside universe ( introversion ) or toward out-of-door c at a timeption ( extraversion ) . know as the cardinal attitude of the person to underscore its importance. Jungs octette personality types are as follows ? Extroverted intellection Jung theorized that people understand the universe through a mix of concrete thoughts and abstract 1s. but the abstract constructs are 1s passed down from other people.Extroverted minds are such(prenominal) found working in the research scientific disciplines and mathematics. invaginate Thinking These persons interpret stimulation in the environment through a subjective and originative manner. The readings are informed by internal cognition and apprehension. Philosophers and theoretical scientists are frequently introspective thinking-oriented people. Extroverted Feeling These people judge the value of things based on nonsubjective fact. Comfortable in societal state of personal matterss. they form their sentiments based on socially accepted set and bulk beliefs.They are frequently found working in declare and political relations. Introverted Feeling These people make judgements based on subjective thoughts and on internally established beliefs. Oftentimes th ey ignore predominating attitudes and have got societal norms of thought. Introverted pure tone people thrive in callings as art critics. Extroverted Feeling These people see the universe as it truly exists. Their perceptual experiences are non colored by any pre-existing beliefs. Jobs that require nonsubjective re approximation. like vino taste testers and proofreaders. are shell filled by extrospective feeling people.Introverted Feeling These persons interpret the universe through the lens of subjective attitudes and seldom see something for merely what it is. They make sense of the environment by giving it intending based on internal contemplation. Introverted feeling people frequently turn to various(a) humanistic disciplines. including portrait picture and classical music. Extroverted original These people prefer to understand the significances of things through subliminally perceived nonsubjective fact rather than incoming centripetal information.They rely on intuit ions and frequently disregard what they perceive straight from their senses. Inventors that come upon their innovation via a shot of penetration and some spiritual reformists are characterized by the extrovert intuitive type. Introverted Intuitive These persons. Jung idea. are deeply influenced by their internal motives even though they do non wholly understand them. They find intending through unconscious. subjective thoughts about the universe. Introverted intuitive people comprise a classical part of mystics. surrealistic creative persons. and spiritual fiends.They are mysterious dreamers. concerned with possibilities instead than what is without delay present. Seldom understood by others. Repress feeling. Jung described himself as an introspective intuitor. Introverts are people who prefer their internal universe of ideas. feelings. phantasies. dreams. and so on. magic spell extraverts prefer the out-of-door universe of things and people and activities. Page 4 nowadays th e words have become baffled with thoughts like shyness and sociableness. partly because introverts tend to be diffident and extraverts tend to be sociable.But Jung mean for them to mention more to whether you ( ego ) more frequently faced toward the character and outer world. or toward the bodily unconscious and its originals. In that sense. the introvert is close to more mature than the extravert. Our civilization. of class. values the extravert much more. Jung warned that we all tend to value our ain type most. ( Boeree 1996 ) a impression which is peculiarly utile to healers today as it is of import non to let personal feelings to take topographical point when working with lymph glands.Both introvert and extrovert overvalue their strengths and to each one tends to underestimate the other. To the extrovert. the introvert seems narcissistic and dull. and to the introvert. the extrovert appears superficial and insincere ( Fordham. 1966 ) . Jung believed that a individual rem ained an extrovert or introvert without alteration for the whole of his life. and that heredity determines whether the libido is directed inward or outward. Whether a individual is an introvert or extravert they need to cover with both their inner and outer universe. And each has their preferable manner ofcovering with it. ways which they are comfy with and upright at. This hypothesised stableness of the introversion-extroversion trait is consistent with empirical research utilizing Non-Jungian steps of invagination and extroversion. ( Cloniger 2000 ) Jung suggested a nexus between each of the attitudes and certain neurotic upsets which will be discussed subsequently. We now find the introvert-extravert dimension in several theories. notably Hans Eysencks. In Eysencks ( 1982 ) position people are biosocial animate beings and that psychological science stands at the hamlets of biological scientific disciplines and societal scientific disciplines.He states that psychological science must go more of a authorized scientific discipline with methodological analysis in all that the healer does in order to allow personality theoreticians to do anticipations that can be tested and hence do possible the development of the causal theory of personality. which he believes will necessarily assist the healer with clients showing jobs. Jung compared the witting portion of the mind ( self-importance ) to an is country that rises out of the sea. We notice merely the portion above the H2O. even though there is a greater land mass below the H2O much like an iceberg. the unconscious prevarications below ( Fordam1953 ) .The personal unconscious is a reservoir of experience unique to each single consisting of perceptual experiences. ideas. feelings and memories that have been put to one side or keep down but non ever covered by sea and thus can be reclaimed. Whereas the personal unconscious is alone to every person. the corporate unconscious is shared or transpersonal and cons ists of certain potencies that we all portion because of our human nature. because we all live in groups and in some signifier of federation or household life.He believed that the corporate unconscious did non develop each but was inherited and consisted of preexistent signifiers. the originals. An original is a cosmopolitan thought signifier or sensitivity to react to the universe in certain ways and is important to Jungs construct of the corporate unconscious because it emphasises potencies in which we whitethorn show our humanity. He believed that they appeared to us in dreams. art. ritual. myths and symptoms.Eysenck believed that from a point of position of scientific discipline. Jungs part to the survey of personality types had been principally negative as he permitted mystical impressions to overrule empirical informations and sought- aft(prenominal)(a) to travel beyond descriptive analysis to the causal analysis of personality. A individual is non normally defined by merel y one of the eight personality types. Alternatively. the different maps exist in a hierarchy. One map will hold a superior consequence and another will hold a secondary consequence.Normally. harmonizing to Jung. a individual merely makes important use Page 5 of dickens maps. The other two take low-level places. Jung believed that it was non sufficient to possess merely one of the above- micturated maps to be a all-around personality and be able to confront lifes experiences. Jung described two of the four maps as rational and two as irrational besides he used the footings judging/perceiving. Thinking can account for logic and judgment. Our likes/dislikes are a feeling map.These two maps are known as rational as they use our reflecting ability. Sensation and intuition are known as irrational maps because it is what is seen in the external universe ( esthesis ) and interior universe ( intuition ) . In pattern. the subsidiary map is ever one whose nature. rational or irrational. is different from the uncomplicated map. For case. feeling can non be the secondary map when thought is dominant. and frailty versa. because both are rational and judging maps ( Daryl Sharp. 1989. p. 19 ) One of the four maps whitethorn be developed more. and this would be known as a primary or superior map. whilst the others whitethorn be classed as inferior.What this means is that a primary map is one which a individual uses more. whilst possibly. other maps are non used so much ( inferior ) and these might lend to a individual experiencing unable to get by with a state of affairs in which an inferior map is needed to be active. Jung acknowledged that the four orienting maps do non incorporate everything in the witting mind. Will indicator and memory. for case. are non included.The ground for this is that they are non typological determinants-though of course they may be affect by the manner one maps typologically believing is ever accompanied by an lower status of feeling. and d ifferentiated esthesis is deleterious to intuition and frailty versa ( ref. Daryl Sharp. 1987. p. 15 ) Jung used the term libido to specify what he meant by extravert and introvert. it was non meant in a sexual manner. like Freud. but as a term for energy. Introversion. writes Jung. is usually characterized by a hesitant. brooding. retiring nature that keeps itself to itself. psychiatrists from objects and is ever more or less on the defensive .Conversely. Extraversion is usually characterized by an outgoing. candid. and suiting nature that adapts easy to a given state of affairs. rapidly form partial(p) regards. and. puting aside any possible scruples. will frequently venture forth with careless assurance into unknown situations . ( ref. Daryl Sharp1987. p. 13 ) . The balance between the two can be disturbed either manner. on the one side. finis backdown. invagination or even psychosis. cuts a individual off from external world. On the other side. overly extroverted or constr icted personalities may be cut off from subjective feelings or interior world ( Ref. Dennis Brown & A Jonathan Redder 1989p. 81 ) .Jung acknowledged that it is sometimes hard to work out what personality type some people belong to. he stated. It is frequently really hard to happen out whether a individual belongs to one type or the other. particularly in respect to oneself ( ref Jung. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 99 ) Peoples change their manner of behavior in different fortunes. because this is the manner they wish to be perceived. to be accepted by others. Jung referred to this as a character ( or a mask ) where a individual relays to others. person they are non. apparently to conform to others outlooks of them.This is besides known as the oil colour side of the personality The character Page 6 signifiers in untimely childhood. when a kid signifiers in his head what is acceptable to his parents. instructors etc. If it is repressed this is what Jung referred to as the shadow . If t he shadow is non allowed to come up. it will turn bigger. Jung believed that by confronting up to your shadow. it may enable you to alter it. The shadow may step forward in times of utmost anger/dreams. Jung believed that the shadow is indispensable as it allows an single to see the universe.We are each Born with a vivid balance. If our natural balance is disquieted due to repression or conditioning so our heads will in some manner seek to reconstruct the balance which Jung saw as the power of the unconscious surfacing as the drop dead of the pent-up . The self-importance emerges out of the ego in childhood. It is your individualism. who you are. your ain self-importance appertaining merely to you. the Centre of consciousness. As you go into maturity there may be problem between the self-importance and ego. as the persons attitude alteration.avouchment of the Self liberates its originative energies and brings certain cognition that the best life is the life lived sub specie frat ernization ( ref. . Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 157 ) . Jung seemed to put a batch of accent mark on the Self. I suppose this is because it is the Self. which he believed. will finally compute alteration in behavior. He was one of the few psychologists in the 20th century to keep that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence through mid-life into old age. ( ref. Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 38 ) . .Jung dis concur with Freud on his positions on gender i. e. the Oedipus complex . Jung preferred to name this complex a love aspect . of a mother/child and non a sexual one/incest. as Freud believed to be the instance. Jung and Freud both agreed though. that unconscious ideas ( dreams ) were the manner to personal penetration of the person. After his separating with Freud. overtly because of dispute about the importance of gender. but possibly besides over father-son competitions. Jung once more withdrew into what Heisenberg ( 1970 ) calls a creative illness during which he excess ively conducted a ego analysis ( ref Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder ( 1989 ) p. 107 ) .But he did non expend free association . but provoked unconscious imagination which he wrote down. pull his dreams. protracting narratives which he told himself. This is how he became involved in analytical psychological science. He spent long periods at his lakeside retreat. jumping between his inner world/ outer universe. Freud. looked back into a clients childhood. whereas Jung looked to the hereafter more and did non set much importance into the past. more in what can be achieved. the ends to take for . . the hope . . of alteration. The unconscious head of a adult male. Jung believed. contained a female component ( anima ) . and a womans a male component ( animosity ) .These he believed to be linked to titillating desires. on what the single discoveries attractive in the opposite sex. other belief Jung held. is that if a individual reacts really strongly to his anima/animus it may take to homosexualism. This is what he believed. non which has been proven to be true.Page 7 Jungs theories. I believe to be utile in therapy. because if you can verse an persons personality. you can endeavour to do the therapy more applicable to their type which Jung viewed as their singularity as an person. the wholeness . He did non conceal behind a client like Freud. preferring to enforce a face to confront method. where the client and the healer are equal he besides used personal work on dreams. a assortment of ways to seek and do growing in the client. to look to the hereafter.His positions on mental unwellness gave some hope to a sick person as he believed that inside the psychosis experienced there is a personality concealed. with hopes. desires etc. he tried to understand them through reading. Jung saw mental unwellness as a defect. as inferior. but tried to assist the single face this inferior side and near his extrospective side to accomplish wholeness .On the whole. Jungs ty pology is best used in the manner that one would employ a compass all typological possibilities are theoretically available to the Self. but it is utile to be able to set up those coordinates that one is utilizing to chart ones class through life. Jung accepted that this class is never intractably fixed it may be at any clip be capable to change. Viewed in this visible radiation. consciousness of ones psychological type is non a restraint but release. for it can open up new navigational possibilities in life. the being of which 1 might other than neer have discovered ( ref. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 101 )Jung possessed his critics. chiefly Freudian. after his split with Freud in peculiar his Archetypes theories concentrating on Jungs belief that the beginnings of originals ( and their footing in the corporate unconscious ) transcend to the person. in that they reflect on hereditary or cosmopolitan kernel. The review besides examines a colligate impression of Jungs. that the cor porate unconscious unites us with the universe around us in an immediate paranormal or synchronism sense. These impressions of Jungs are found to be earnestly flawed.In malice of this. the review suggests that Jungs belief in the familial footing of certain unconscious content holds some promise. With this in head. suggestions are made refering needful alteration in Jungs theory and refering the sort of grounds required for its support. ( ref. Journey of humanist Psychology. Spring 1996. Vol 36 no. 261. 91. p. 223-242. Another unfavorable judgment with esteem to Jung is he does non dig into childhood experience in contrast to Freud and depth psychology and some psychologists find his theories hard and drawn out.Besides his theory does bring forth a moderate sum of research and 2 ) Neither possible to verify or distort. ( ref. HttpYahoo. com. Page 8 finishing In order to expeditiously assist a client and to find curative ends it is necessary to set up whether a individual is chie fly orientated toward their inner ( invagination ) or outer universe ( extroversion ) and following to measure which are the dominant and auxillary psychological maps of the client. Jung said that people connect thoughts. feelings. experiences and information by manner of associations in the unconscious in such a manner as to impact their behaviour.He set these groupings as Complexes . He believed that they may be organised around a peculiar individual or object and the healer may utilize this cognition to convey to the head of the clients consciousness a state of affairs which they may be happening hard to disencumber from. The curative end of Jungian therapy is to assist the client resoluteness demented facets of their personality which nowadays in a figure of differing ways of psychological perturbation.Examples include utmost negativeness. dependences. grades of paranoia. sudden spiritual transition. in appropriate companionable regards to unsuitable spouses. craze. passion. depression. hypochondrias or schizophrenic personality traits as Jung himself had as a male child. By understanding his theory and how each type may show the healer can assist them unlock the shadow sides of their personality. It is a procedure in which the client is helped to come to footings with the topographic point of ego within their ain universe and besides to assist them see that they are portion of a greater corporate unconscious.Much of Jungs work was about the interconnection of all people and civilizations. Today more than of all time as we seek to go one world Jungs work with eastern every bit good as westward faiths and civilizations seems more and more appropriate. The work of Hans Eysenck through empirical surveies across the universe has shown that personality types exist in all civilizations and hence concludes that there is a familial constituent to personality types.Such transverse cultural agreement would be improbable if biological factors did non play a pre vailing part ( Eysenck. 1990 ) But like Jung he believed that environmental factors likely find how much an person will develop to their full potency. The usage of appropriate appraisal techniques can be priceless in assisting a healer to develop the untapped potency within the person and is so making make to the corporate unconsciousness and synchronism of the planet as a whole.