Russian Foreign Policy Towards The Post Soviet Sphere Politics Essay

Russian Foreign Policy To wards The Post Soviet Sphere Politics EssayThe dealing with Russia and the fragmented post-Soviet space swallow been rather popular topic for some divisions presently. exclusively later the cyber crises, April anxiety and the attack to South Ossetia, the topic has gathered plane more(prenominal) than increasing attention. The Russian irrelevant policy therefore has been tiltd a pile and has underg wholeness contrasting strategies.Nowadays Russian contrasted policy creation in all likelihood reminds to lot of people like building the road to the heaven. The process consists of ceaseless alternating compromises as well as provoking actions or signs towards the West. sometimes the decisions of Russian oerseas policy be even against its own issue fire and therefore from time to time it could raise a head word if Russia has even stepped out from its baby-shoes or non.During the Russian Empire times the Russian overseas policy symbolized th e Orthodox Christian orbit and the centre of gravitational force for pan-Slavic movements. It was greatly based on the imperialist world order that was try to find quick development in economic and social means. The principal(prenominal) objective was to increase Russian living standards so it could compete with separate(a) more developed countries. But later the collapse of Soviet conjunction, what was gibe to Putin the biggergest catastrophe during the 20th century, the Russian contradictory policy has qualifyingd. It became more pragmatical and looked after the realization of sophisticated world. This was as well as visible from the Russian relations with opposite(a) countries, as Russia started to communicate more closely with the more subtile world. The characteristics of the contrary relations with different countries varied a lot- at one time Russia was acting like a full-partner while on the other times Russia took only minor roles or even opposition in c ooperating.The changing Russian extraneous policy was established on different medical prognosiss. The main objective was to formulate Russian internal interests, so the extraneous policy could correspond to the ones that argon especially necessary and which ones are applying to the other countries on the world political field. Another objective was to tempt other countries to the agreements on subjects where its interests are not the resembling as Russia has.The reactions to the Russian impertinent policy changes ingest not been easy to adapt neither for Russia nor to the post-soviet countries. The cease of the Cold War was unexpected to the both sides and the idea to totally change the ideologies of the countries policies after that, has not yet been sodding(a) by neither of the sides. The changes of Russian remote policy are influenced by different features. The main influencer is plausibly the detail on the oil trade, as Russia is one of the biggest oil providers in t he region. This also affects the trade of other goods. For example after the collapse on Soviet Union the Baltic States were shut up a part of post-Soviet geopolitical and economic development. The party that is ruling the political decisions in Russia has also a big role to play in the influence process of Russian foreign policy. The sportsmanlike difference was visible with Boriss Jeltsin and Vladimir Putin, whose tacticss were different. The third aspect that influences the Russian foreign policy rather highly is the flow rate Russian relations with Eurasia and Caucasus as well as with Central Asia and the situations on those countries. But to a state of matter like Russia probably the biggest foreign policy number one wood is the embrace of the big seamman and its sphere of influence- either it is local or more like global. The presentation of the change from rather Russia-centered and regional power emerged during the Putin administration. At that time Russia raised to being one of the global energy power suppliers and demanded the local bullion recognition equal to the US dollar.Russian foreign policy and market economyThe splendour of the economics and businesses in Russian foreign policy today is good high. It has also been seen as a source of the state power. With the Putin presidency major changes on Russian business market were made. During the Putin administration the big oligarchs were destroyed. Putin deputized its authorities to sit on the boards of place companies so he could have a contain over the businesses. He also continued to support the integration of Russia to the world economy.While during the Soviet Union times Russia was the biggest supplier on its markets, only if now after the collapse of Soviet Union the markets where Russia is the biggest player are decreasing and the foreign trade is taking over. This can be considered as one of the biggest threats to Russian economy. Also as we had financial crises in the world, t he unemployment rate in Russia lift significally.Russian foreign policy todayWhen to follow the Russian foreign policy, it can actually be said that it is rather continuous and has mysterious aggressiveness. The current Russia has a tendency to demonstrate new conceptual documents in foreign policy as well as in security department policy. These are al personal manners welcomed with high level of attention because according to these documents the world is trying to predict the coming Russian policy1. If to be real careful and to observe closely, it can be seen that actually the changes of Russian foreign policy has built up on tactical regrouping. The biggest change in the midst of the previous and current Russian foreign policy concept is that now the foreign policy goals has to be in balance with Russian economic, intelligent and technological possibilities.Regardless to the world image of Russia according to its recent actions, Russia quiet seems to think of itself as the super-power. In different ways and by different actions Russia still threats the post-soviet countries and in a way Russia still treats them as a part of its colony. But there is a difference between the cause soviet countries. For example the threat to Estonia is unlike and smaller than to Georgia, as Estonia is a member of the European Union. Therefore the actions or procedures how Russia can endanger Estonia is different because of the western powers, still in case of Georgia, as it was seen, there is not such a unbendable okayup. For Russians the accompaniment that Estonia joined the western city block was a big disappointment and according to the surveys, it became apparent that Estonia is the second bucolic that the Russians trust the less. The Russian foreign policy that we know today is a product of former(prenominal) superpower, which desperately tries to hold on to its power. Some historians even say that, now when different countries are allies, the war volition pose quite or later.The orange revolution in Ukraine during the 2004, reminded greatly the situation in Estonia after the singing revolution. After the orange revolution Ukraine seemed to be able to see the freedom, as it happened in Estonia in 1987-1988. Then in year 2007 Vladimir Putin wrote a letter to Ukraine professorship Viktor Jutenko with what Putin clearly and at one time intervened to Ukraine domestic problems and policy. But the actual aim of this letter was basically to control Ukraine, as Putin saw that things are getting out of his occurs. This can be considered as a clear sign of Russian wish to reward over the control and basically to reunite the former Soviet Union countries in order to form a Russian Empire again. It seemed that the tactic was to take over the control at first from the inside of the country by trying to attract the people, who can be manipulated to support Russia and its ideas and plans. If that has been accomplished then it is easy to take over the country time by time.In year 2008 Russian president Medvedev claimed that Russian foreign policy is neither liberal nor conservative but it is operate from Russian national interests. He also said that the freedom, democracy and the cherishion of human rights matters a lot to Russia and in its foreign international relations. These are also the aspects that are protected the about2. Few months after that Russia took military actions against Georgia. The Russian- Georgian war was a clear sign to the West and to the rest of the world that Russia has had adequacy of its post-Soviet foreign policy and that some things have to be changed. Also it gave a warning to the world that Russia is not that pushed down as it whitethorn have seemed and is actually capable to amend enormous damage.The new face that Russia is cover now by demanding pragmatic relations with the west, internal country liberalisation and the high turn of economical high technology is only the change of the layer, not the inside. Also if the Russia we know today does not liberalize the market economy, it may bring with it, that European Union has to use the sanctions. Meaning that basically in the end, both of the sides leave alone lose tremendously. When in year 2009 Russia changed the foreign policy in a way so it give be more pragmatic, balanced and that it is not based on the opposition. During the same year Dmitri Medvedev said that, it is about the time when Russia should stop being so bestial and egoistic. By this saying the world got rather surprised, as before Russia has cute to play leading roles on different fields. Russia even wanted that its currency would be equal to dollar, meaning that it would be recognized all over the world. This thought was led by the oil prices and the fact that Russia is a considerably big supplier of the oil in the world. But this behavior that Russia admits that they should back down a little does not happen that often. Usually it is driven from the current situation on the world oil market and of how strong is Russian power at the time.The American analyzing centre Stratfor3predicts in it analyses that in coming year the Russian activities in its neighborhood forget most probably increase. match to that it has been predicted that Russia will start to fight back the former Soviet Union countries and that Estonia is the country that interests Russia the most. The reason for that is argued to be easy- Estonian political science are easy to manipulate with. In addition to Estonia the other Baltic States countries Latvia and Lithuaina are probably facing the same. Such an increased attention and interest to Russia has been ever since the Baltic States joined the European Union and NATO.But the Baltic States are not the only countries to whom Russia will concentrate on year 2010. According to the forecasts the year 2010 Russia strives to weaken the influence of the West from Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and A rmenia. The goal of this is the diversion of the political union on the territory of the former Soviet Union. The analysts are predicting that the influence of Russia will be more successful in Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. When public lecture about Ukraine, this prediction can be derived from the fact that the new Ukraine president Viktor Jutenko has a pro-Russia thinking. But interesting fact with this is the promise that Jutenko gave- to unite the badly managed Ukraine with big economic dominance with the West- and Centre- Europe. This of course is causing troubles with Russia, as Ukraine will then leave the traditional influence-sphere.Now in year 2010 basically all the former post-soviet countries are on a risk, meaning that all the countries are afraid that Russia will attack sooner or later. Especially after the launch of Stratfors report as with previous forecasts 90% of Stratfor reports have been right. Other facts that are backing up the Russia potential interest tow ards post-soviet countries and West, is the fact that during the autumn 2009 Russia was practicing the attack to Poland, that ended with penetration to Poland with 900 tanks. The same actions were made to Latvia. It is hard to say for sure if it was only a convention against a terror attack or was it a real utilisation of the infiltration.Russia todayAfter the launch of the analyses of Russian Foreign policy and its extend to to the former Soviet Union countries by American forecast effect Stratfor, many of the post-soviet countries have started to worry and apprehension Russia even more than before. According to the Stratfor analyses Russia is trying to form its influence sphere from its neighboring countries. With a big possibility the first countries will be Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. It has been predicted that most probably those countries will not show that much resistance, then all the other post-soviet countries will be forced to either accept the conditions that a re suitable to capital of the Russian Federation or to search independently the help from the foreign countries, such as USA. Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan will probably choose the first opportunity whereas Georgia and Baltics will look for the other ways. The probability that Georgia will fail to do so is rather high, as actually it was also seen in dread 2008. The probability of Baltic States search for help to succeed is little higher. In case Russia should try to capture Baltic States, the chance that Russia will split its relations with Europe and United States is rather possible. On the other hand if Russia is going to act as predicted and target Ukraine and Georgia first, then the Baltic States could win approximately 3 years to figure out how to protect themselves. At the same time it is very important to be updated of the actions and education what is happening in Latvia as by now it is one of the weakest countries in the Baltics. The situation in Latvia is rather bad and the economy needs to be stabilized. But exactly by that reason Latvia is very sensitive to the outside(a) influences and therefore it could turn to a really good playground to the Russia.The current situation in Ukraine is still unclear as the presidentary elections are coming. That also raises the question if Ukraine has already been sold to Russia or not. It is still unclear who will win the elections and who will be appointed to be the new president. At the same time all the candidates are in a way pro-Russia, meaning that the new president of Ukraine may start to cooperate with Russia in a long-run, as Ukraine is known as a rather corrupt country and then the predicted Russian control over Ukraine will still be established. The elections still will not decide on the Ukraine terminal destiny, but the fact that on the current elections all the candidates are pro-Russia may send a clear signal to Russia. Once Russia recaptures Ukraine, all the other post-Soviet states will proba bly face the same intentions. Besides the elections and controlling the Ukraine foreign policy, Russia has one more plan with Ukraine- Russia is strongly against the Ukraine alliance with NATO and European Union. In a way Estonia is in the same situation as Ukraine, but the fact that the crossing-point of world interests is south and near-east due to the oil and heavy fuel, it leaves the Baltic Sates on the background. The near-east and the territories next to the Black Sea are with high importance to Russia.ConclusionAfter the recent incidents that Russia has had with different countries over the past hardly a(prenominal) years, the overall image of Russia has changed a lot. In addition to that the Russian foreign policy has made through major changes after the breakdown of Soviet Union. The biggest change has been that the role of Orthodox Church that used to play a big role in the Russian foreign policy has broken its importance. Another change was the Russian- Georgian war wit h what Russia sent a clear sign to the world that they are tired of their current foreign policy, but they also showed how they feel about the NATO enlargement. With that step lot of the other post-Soviet countries started to fear for their independence.Besides all kind of different changes one of the mentionable is also the fact that Russia started to use its role as one of the important energy providers as a political weapon. Russia understood that they can use the energy trade to improve the countrys economical and political position in the world.When looking from the post-Soviet countries stall and considering the recent Stratfor analyses that predicted the high Russian attention to its neighboring states has created rather sickening feelings in post-Soviet countries. If the predictions are going to come true, it is going to cause abundant changes in Russian foreign policy.

Research Methods Aims And Objectives In Business Business Essay

query method actings Aims And Objectives In Business Business EssayThe dissolve of this Chapter is to discuss and justify the methodology calld to effectively investigate the phenomenon making known the look title which is The Impact of a alliance managed online association on acquire decision and scratch loyaltyFirstly, this chapter explains the conceptual structure of the look into which will pick up how the author is going to carry prohibited the look. Then, explains explore method qualitys and methods use to retrieve the sedate entropy by chief(a) query. Re expect methodology explains the overall structure of the demand. According to Croswell J (2010) methodology is the compend of principle methods, rules and evaluation employed by a enquiryer. The treatment is foc apply on matters regarding the purpose of search, look for philosophy, search ascend, research strategy, selective in dustation ingathering, selective information digest, and quality stand ards.3.2 Research aims and objectivesThe study aims seek the dimensions of an online federation hosted by a company and how it affects consumers purchase decision. In addition, this study investigates how an online community demonstrateation attribute to generate their brand loyalty through its own brand community.These atomic number 18 the objectivesTo investigate a company managed online community and marksTo identify key fruit kneadr in online purchase decisionTo investigate the birth a company managed online community and consumer purchase decisionTo find out the birth mingled with a company managed online community and brand loyalty3.3. Research performanceThe research surgical process utilise to define the approach of the research in the study in exhaustive. In conformation 3.1 research process onion plant describes the issue underlying the choice of entropy collection methods (Saunders et al. 2009). Below figure shows the overview of the researchers methodology towards this research.Figure 3.1 Research Process Onion.Source Created by the Author, select from Saunders et al (2009108) as well, figure 3.2 shows the outline of process for this research.Figure 3.2 Process of the authors researchSource Created by the Author(2010)3.4. Purpose of researchThere atomic number 18 collar diametrical types of research, and Yin (2009) writes that these atomic number 18 beta, explanatory, and descriptive. The purpose of the research determined which one of these to use in range to be able to fulfil this purpose. Saunders et al (2009) describe exploratory research as a focusing to find or look for new insight or to see what is going on. They unless state that it is especially good to use if the purpose of research is to add the arrest of a problem. Gliner et al(2009) complement the characteristics of exploratory research by adding that this type of research calls for flexibility, since new information behind change the direction of the resea rch. Gliner et al(2009) dissolve that descriptive research is characterized by that the problem is cle bed and well structured. Saunders et al (2009) writes that it is necessary to have a good picture of the problem originally the entropy collection. The focus of an explanatory study is to find swallowrelations between the variables in the studied situation or problem (Saunders et al, 2009). Saunders et al (2009) in like manner states that epitome of quantifiable data derriere show correlations between factors which projects the researcher a picture of the relationships involved.The overall purpose of this research was to investigate the ara of online communities and its influence on purchase decision and brand loyalty. The goal was to seek out if marketing in these specific media channels are more judge among consumers, and why this is the case, in order to gain a better understanding of their effectiveness and influence. This led us to use a both exploratory and expla natory approach. In the data collection and in the analysis we explore, and in the findings and conclusions we begin to explain.3.5 Research PhilosophyThe research philosophy is determined by the philosophical points of views, as there are contrastive approaches nigh the modal value in which the knowledge is urbanized and judged as suitable. Thus, the research philosophy relates to the study of knowledge and the knowledges nature (Saunders et al, 2009). The literature suggests third main approaches in which to preserve a research process and all of them have an heavy detonate and role in business and management. These are favorableness, Realism and Phenomenology.3.5.1 PositivismPositivism is described as the conventional counsel of research and it acquires a clear three-figure approach to find out phenomena as an alternative of qualitative approach (Croswell, 2009). That is similarly said that positivity is very important approach in natural science (Remenyi, 2002). The understanding of this idea may non be proven but the philosophy based on favourableness is far more powerful than the ideas for reaching targets and achieving goals. Positivism is very important research philosophies for creating new ideas. Thus, positivistic research tries to identify the non-financial motivation techniques provided by Tesco-express. The researcher uses the idealistic approach of positivism while using a nousnaire with a group of race.3.5.2 RealismAn new(prenominal) approach which relates to the positivism is realness (Saunders et al, 2007). According to Kothari, (2005) Realism is the source of many an(prenominal) ideas, belief and opinions of human.3.5.3 informativeInterpretive studies presume that people produce and correlate their own subjective and inter subjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. Interpretive researchers and so attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings participants assign to them (Orlikowski a nd Baroudi 1991).Here researcher has clear-cut to carry a Positivism philosophy, based on the aim of the research. The primer behind choosing this approach is responses does not influence the researchers belief and the knowledge (Proctor 2006). Also Positivism is one of the strongest research philosophies for creating new ideas. In addition to this, harmonise to Gill (2002), the importance of a highly controlled methodology facilitates replication and observational explanation to statistical analysis.3.6 Research ApproachThere are twain different types of approach for research. These are deductive and inductive theories(Bryman, 08). Deductive surmisal represents the commonest view of the nature of the relationship between supposition and cordial research(Bryman, 08). First, theory and the hypothesis come and drive the process of gathering data.On the separate hand, inductive process involves observations first and generalise the theory after the observations.This study is a business problem, more specifically how online community hosted by a company influence its consumers. Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand of the consumers who use online communities as a tool of interaction. Therefore, this study needs deductive approach.3.7 Research MethodThere are mainly twain types of research strategies which we tramp choose quantitative and qualitative. These approaches are depending upon the structure and the purpose of the study(Bryman, 2010).Quantitative research fucking be constructed as a research strategy which collect and canvas quantitative data. Quantitative research requires a deductive approach to the relationship between theory and research, also it has incorporated the practice the natural scientific model and norms of natural scientific model and positivism approach(Bryman, 2010).A quantitative research approach utilise bends hold base for the analysis instead of haggle like a qualitative would do. Blaxter et al(2010) adds to this explanation by describing that quantitative research uses a erect-scale set of data.qualitative research is more exploratory and focuses on smaller numbers and depth data. Qualitative data is closelyly collected using conversation, and unstructured and semi-structured interviews.Quantitative data, the equal are structured observations, interviews and surveys, and attitude scaling.By contrast, qualitative research emphasizes words rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data(Bryman, 2010). Qualitative research data is collected from focus groups, in-depth interviews and observations.Qualitative research can be used to understand more deeply consumers attitudes towards purchase decision. But qualitative research is hard to analyse, and evaluate. Also, small number of target auditions cannot be represented strong population.For this research, a quantitative study is better because of the need for several different views on the questions and to decreas e the factor of that different people think differently.3.8 Research StrategyThe decision of which strategy to use can be command by the form of research question, the degree of control needed of behavioral events and if the focus is on current or historical events (Yin, 2003). The different choices of strategies useable are experiment, survey, case-study, grounded theory, ethnography and action research (Saunders et al, 2000).Experiments are normally used in natural sciences and psychology, and are characterized by for warning the introduction of plotted changes on the variables in the experiment, and control of the otherwise variables (Saunders et al, 2000). Surveys allow for the gathering of large quantities of data from a population in an economically efficient way (Saunders et al, 2000).Saunders et al (2000) also describe this method as having the advantage of that the analysis of the data will allow for easy comparison between the respondents. A case study is especially r eclaimable for gaining rich and detailed data (Saunders et al, 2000). They also state that case-studies are particularly good to use when ask how, what and why questions (ibid).Grounded theory is based on that a data collection is per organize without the previous construction of a theoretical framework (Saunders et al, 2000). The initially collect data is then used to make predictions that then are tested in the later stages of the data collection (Saunders et al, 2000). Moreover, the purpose of ethnography is be by Saunders et al (2000) in the next way The purpose is to kick in the social world the research subjects inhabit in the same way in which they interpret it (Saunders et al, 2000, p.95). They also state that ethnography is not comm provided used in business research (ibid). Action research is however dedicated to researching the management of change, and the researcher often must participate in the setting where the change occurs. (Saunders et al, 2000).At first, act ion research, grounded theory, ethnography and experiments were discarded from the think because of the mismatch between these methods and the purpose of research. After this, the search for a method with a match between the purpose of research and the characteristics of the method started. In table 2 below, these different criterions for the use of a survey are presented.3.9 Data Collection MethodsBradley stated that the term primary data can describe information which is collected for a special purpose. On the other hand, unoriginal data has already collected by someone else for their purposes(Bradley, 2007).3.9.1 elementary dataWhen executing a quantitative method of data collection, the most common way of collecting data is through the use of questionnaires as it gives greater opportunity to gather information from a large number of respondents without a great amount of resources (Johannessen Tufte, 2007 Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2000). For the empirical research a self-co mpletion questionnaire was deemed appropriate. This is because the research was conceptualised around obtaining information from, or about, a defined set of people or population namely online community users (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe, 2002).There are chiefly two ways of conducting a questionnaire through a self-completion questionnaire or a type of structured interview assisted by the interviewer. A self-completion questionnaire is, as the name suggests, a questionnaire where the respondent answers the questions themselves unassisted. This is in contrast to an interviewer assisting the questionnaire process by, for example reading the questions and marking up the responses as conducted in structured interviews (Christensen et al, 2001). As the research aims to understand online users, the internet was the natural medium in order to reach the desired target group. Therefore it was clear that the questionnaire would be intentional as a self-completion questionnaire given that as sisting the questionnaire process through structured interviews would be difficult to execute via the internet.3.9.2 lower-ranking dataSecondary data is formed of paper documents such as books, special reports, government produced records, and internet sources.Secondary data can attention to combine it with other facts. Therefore, stand byary data it good for rise understanding of results and to confirm results(Bradley, 2007).Secondary data called as desk research, these can be searched from various sources any era. Therefore, this research can give time and cost beneficial to researchers.On the other hand, secondary research has confinements such as irrelevant to the research. But secondary research can gives general ideas of the research theories and can protagonist save the time.In this research, following secondary data can be used to understand and enhance research.3.9.1. BooksMy research is involved consumer behaviour, brand loyalty and online communities. Therefore, the ories from literatures those books will be relevant to my study. Also those theories can gives general ideas about this research. Moreover, theories about culture also can be used to understand Korean culture. Books have many advantages, for example, books are easy to access, and easy to get information which is relevant to my study. Meanwhile, printed books are heavy and sometimes only can access old ones. But, nowadays, online books are broadly disseminated. net technology helped to access those resources without any restriction of place. Internet books are very effectual to get information easily. For my research books are important to understand the theories. Books can be found in the libraries and internet.3.9.2. Journals introductory researches such as online communities, consumer behaviour, cosmetics, and decision making processes can be used as a literature review and as a rule of thumb for my research. These previous researches can be found in the internet daybook web sites such as ebsco host. Also, written journals can be found from the libraries. Journals have many advantages journals intromit recent researches and recent information. Therefore, journals can give new ideas and new information for my research. On the other hand, some journals are not be accessed easily. Thus, there is a limitation for access. But, journals are useful for research to get recent research finding and applied theories to wide my research.3.9.3. Online databaseInternet sources can be categorised as online database. Information search engines such as google, yahoo, or blogs and company web sites will be used for gathering secondary data. These secondary data will help guide my study and enhance understand the research areas.3.9.4. Statistical database make government database, government web sites, and the companies figures will be used for secondary data. These data will give a real figures about the persistence which I will study and support my research as an evid ence.3.10 taste and Questionnaire design3.10.1 SamplingSampling is the process of taking parts form a defined population in order to examine these parts, normally with the aim of making judgements about the parts of the population that have not been investigated(Bradley, 2010). Also, it has a major advantages compare with other methods which is that it usually cost deliverance and time saving because, it investigate small portion of the whole population. On the other hand, the major disadvantage is that the process cannot summarise every characteristic in that given population(Bradley, 2010).This study identifies the target group of respondent which are Beautynet users. Data collected from the designed questionnaires and these questionnaires is sent to the online community users through the internet. However, the strain size of this study is limited 300 users from the online community, because of limited research time and limited analysis time.Returned questionnaire is analysed u sing statistical methods. Statistical methods are useful to understand the relationship and the users behaviour patterns. Therefore, this method can explain the relationship between the online community and its influence purchase decision, and the relationship between the online community and brand loyalty.3.10.2 Questionnaire designThe questionnaire was designed to collect the demographic information of the respondents binding age. Social class information includes education, occupation and income, (questions number 1, 2, 3, and 4) using three-fold choice questions. According to Fisher (2007) this type of questions provides respondents with a choice of three to five options and asks them to choose one. This type of questions giving unambiguous options that is mutually exclusive. Authors also applied multiple choice questions to study the respondents purchasing behavior in questions number 5 to see the frequency of purchasing makeup products, question number 6 to see how much mone y they spend on buying makeup and question number 7 asking respondents about type of makeup product they buy mostly of. Lastly, Likert scales was applied to ask respondents about their opinions and attitudes and to ask them to choose a position on a five-point scale between strongly agree and strongly disagree (Fisher, 2007, pp.195-196). A Likert scale was applied to question number 8-26 to study the respondents attitude toward brands and their purchase decision.3.11 Analysis of DataIn order to analyze the data collected through the survey, the numbers were first statistically sorted to facilitate the surveys different ways of thinking, and then further analyzed to find possible remarkable patterns. This process of making sense of the raw data was made with the help of the statistical computer software Excel, from which we could generate different tables and diagrams. The raw data, unitedly with an overview of the results can be found in chapter four. The analysis found in this ch apter had two purposes initially t to help the readers to understand, and secondly help us as researchers. In order to make the gathered data more clear, it was coded with the help of Excel and made fit in a spreadsheet, as suggested by Saunders et al (2009).3.12 Quality StandardsValidity and reliability are the two most important quality standards in research studies which this research aims to extend a high standard of. Validity is concerned with how accurately a variable fits a concept, that is, through determining how accurately the dick chosen measures the features intended to be measured (Bouma Atkinson, 1999). According to Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe (2002) there are three ways of estimating grimness namely (1) face validity whether the instrument or its items are plausible (2) convergent validity the confirmation from comparing the instrument with other independent measurement procedures and (3) validation by known groups which is as suggested, comparing groups otherw ise known to differ on the factor in question. The questionnaire was carefully constructed based on the models used in the research in order to achieve, as certain as possible, the intended results from the questions probed.Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe (2002) recommend that tests for validity and reliability should be made at the buff stage of an investigation, to begin with the main phase of data collection. As such a pilot study has been conducted to ensure that the web-questionnaire is constructed to examine, as closely as possible, what it should examine. This was also initiated in order to secure that the questions would be understand correctly by the respondents thereby testing the validity of the questionnaire. In reality, it is not known whether all the questions were interpreted as intended, although a pilot study provides useful indications of problems in take in so that miss-interpretation can be minimised.Reliability is concerned with the stability of the research (E asterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe, 2002). As stated by Christensen et al (2001) a study should be able to be conducted a second time by other researchers and yield the same results if it has a high reliability. Since this research had been conducted with a social constructionist approach reliability is not particularly relevant to the quality standards. This is because a social constructionist approach is interpreted by the researchers knowledge during the analysis process of the research. The personality of the researcher is also an influencing factor within the results. Therefore the research is limited in its ability to yield the same results if conducted a second time.3.11 Research LimitationsThe study is conducted within the limited time. Thus, the population of the target audience is limited to a certain number. Therefore there is a limitation to understand all online community members and their attitudes. Also, this study aims to find out the online community and its impact on purc hase decision and brand loyalty. Therefore, this study only focused small parts of consumer behaviour. Thus, future research should be considers include some other areas of consumer behaviour and large numbers of target audience to get more reliable data.3.12 ConclusionThe researcher has chosen the positivism philosophy for the research after given explanation of different strain of philosophy. While this research is about business problem, therefore, deductive theory has chosen to explain previous theories about business matter. Researcher has used quantitative method for the analysis of the data and the reason behind choosing is the population of Beautynet is too big to do qualitative method and quantitative method can be used to understand the target audiences behaviour patterns.Primary data has collected by survey from Beautynet users, and secondary data was collected by using the relevant books, journals,Most appropriate option for conducting the research is the descriptive ty pe of research approach. The data collected for this research is using both questionnaire and the secondary data from the books, journals, online database, and statistical database.

Are Eyewitness Identifications Reliable?

Are witness Identifications Reliable?Eyewitness realisations during identification procedures such as delimitate ups, defy line ups and characterisation line ups argon reliable to an extent in the forensic discipline, but argon mostly fallible when assisting police with their enquiries regarding suspects and offenders, ascribable to the fact that the reli world power is capable on a variety of sequencentive roles relating to the w behovictimization board of the witness and situational context of the crime. There argon three types of memories sensory reposition, (in truth short duration for which sense-based information is held post exposure (Lecture (2015)), short line memory (information that privy be stored for approximately thirty befriend without rehearsal (Lecture (2015)) and long-term memory (the unlimited amount of information that so-and-so be stored over a life cartridge clip of rehearsal (Lecture (2015)). The computer memory model refers to the factors relating to the input of information, the passage of time for which the information is stored and output of witness information by means of varied types of questioning. The input aspect of the computer memory model raft be sepa placed into witness and situation categories which ack straightledge factors such as focal point and age.Stress is a crucial factor when determining the reli might of witness identification as it can settle the accuracy of the memory and is largely dependent on whether the victim or witness has see a violent crime such as an armed robbery or aggravated assault. Research studies have been conducted in the area of stress/ input, concluding that there is a correlation amongst lavishly dread exposure and errors associated with eyewitness memory. Coinciding with this search finding is the correlation mingled with trait fretfulness and a significantly bring down frequency in errors associated with eyewitness memory.A research psychoanalyze was conducted by the University of London, investigating the effects of luxuriously state dread on the instrumentalists abilities to expose and describe the antagonist from a horror maze feed in a line up. This was sparked receivable(p) to the fact that 215 individuals were pronounce after being falsely impris superstard in the United enjoin of America following the re-opening of cases using DNA from the crime scenes(Valentine and Mesout, (2009), summon 151). This fictive eyewitness identification was a cause of the miscarriage of justice, of 75% of these cases (Valentine and Mesout, (2009), scallywag 151). The charter consisted of 2 sample groups the first sample group consisted of 20 employees from a retail store whose participation helped legitimize the state anxiety inventory. Each employees standard heart rate was monitored and recorded during a brisk seven minute walk prior to incloseing the snarl, at a time entered the participants encountered a frightening indiv idual before continuing on with the read and completing the state anxiety inventory questionnaire forty five proceedings later. This sample proved that there was an increase in heart rate which was ca utilise by psychological arousal when entering the London Dungeon. The eyewitness study group consisted of 56 participants and as well as encountered the scary soul in the labyrinth similarly they completed the state anxiety questionnaire forty five proceedings later and a trait anxiety questionnaire followed by a written free call description of the scary individual and a cue stick recall before rating their confidence after completing an truthful moving-picture show line-up consisting of nine individuals. The results of the research study concluded that participants who reported write down state anxiety recalled more reclaim descriptors (Valentine and Mesout, 2009, paginate 157), which would obviously register that people who reported high state anxiety recalled fewer c orrect details (Valentine and Mesout,2009, page 157) of the antagonist. Furthermore, participants who reported high state anxiety were little likely to decently give away the scary person (Valentine and Mesout, 2009, page 158), which is statistically shown as only 17% of eyewitnesses correctly identified the person from a nine-person culprit- usher scenegraph line-up (Valentine and Mesout, 2009, page 159). Additionally, there is a link between sex and state anxiety suggesting that male eyewitnesses are more accurate in their identification in comparing to their female counter-parts, which could be due to the fact the females experienced high anxiety levels than males in London Dungeon (Valentine and Mesout, 2009, page 158, 159). However, careless(predicate) of the different results between sexes and state anxiety, overall the results clearly indicate that psychological arousal experienced during exposure to high stress situations for twain genders, significantly affects t he cleverness of eyewitnesses to recall information and recognize culprits during identification procedures, which diminishes their reli mogul.Similarly, a field study was also conducted during U.S Army survival school daytime training, which was imperative for gaining optimal research results rather than research studies conducted in laboratories. The investigation was conducted on five vitamin C and nine active personnel enrolled in military survival school training (Morgan et al., 2004, page 3). The participants were separated into four different studies, each management on a specific identification procedure when attempting to recognize instructors during fake high and low stress interrogations during the pris singler of war camp configuration of training. Of the 228 participants in the first study group which foc utilise on the stand firm line-up rule of identification, 188 participants were interrogated by two instructors slice 40 participants were interrogated by s uperstar instructor (Morgan et al., 2004). The snatch study group consisted of 114 subjects which foc utilise on the picture line-up system of identification (Morgan et al., 2004). The third group comprised of 167 participants who focused on the photo line-up mode while under high stress and lastly the fourth group focused on the photo line-up identification method while under low stress (Morgan et al., 2004). Following the interrogations and according to the identification method their study group focused on, each participant was required to learn the instructors present in the questioning. The results confirmed the general point of view that by exposing individuals to high stress situations, the subjects ability to recognize the coffin nail person was impaired due to the overwhelming influx of emotions the participant experienced at the time. The data collated suggests that the criminal justice system would benefit well in reducing the number of cases of innocently impriso ned individuals, if law enforcement agencies shifted their attendance towards the sequential method of eyewitness identification. Statistics indicate that the sequential photo method is considerably accurate than the live line-up and photo spread method (Morgan et al., 2004). This is due to that fact that study group 3 and 4 scored the lowest in high stress situations 49%(Morgan et al., 2004, page 8) in their ability to correctly identified their interrogator (Morgan et al., 2004, page 7) , 100%(Morgan et al., 2004, page 8 ) in their ability to correctly identified that their interrogator was not present in the sequential presentation of photos (Morgan et al., 2004, page 7), and recorded fewer errors (51%)(Morgan et al., 2004) in their ability to not pick their true interrogator (Morgan et al., 2004, page 7), in comparison to study group 1 and 2, who were focusing on alternative identification methods. Furthermore, evidence suggests that eyewitness identifications can be increasin gly reliable during high stress situations with the aid of cued photographs (49%)(Morgan et al., 2004, page 9) than without (66%)(Morgan et al., 2004, page 9 ). Nevertheless, regardless of different identification procedures, the reliability of eyewitnesses to recall and recognize the target person under high anxiety is steadily lower compared to low anxiety situations.Like stress, the ability of eyewitnesses to correctly identify the target person during procedures of science, is dependent on the age of the witness therefore only reliable to an extent. almost research studies conducted conclude with findings indicating that the ability to accurately identify the culprit is higher among teenagers and greenish adults, in comparison to middle aged and onetime(a) adults, as the common conception is that with age comes reduced facial recognition due to impaired memory. However, most of these research studies include young attackers therefore weakness to recognise that eyewitness identifications of previous(a) adults are reliable to an extent, if the trigger person is of the same age.A research study group conducted two experiments in London, experiment 1 consisted of 113 randomCaucasian male (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645) participants, who were inexperienced in identification procedures and were selected from either their workplace leisure area or well-nigh the university (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645). The subjects were hence divided in two sample groups depending on their age, between 18 and 25 or 35 and 55 geezerhood old (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645). Both sample groups comprised of approximately half young adults and half middle aged adults, and were delegate to either a 1-day or a 1-week condition (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645). Participants were required to independently view four videos for which two showed a car being stolen (by one young culprit in the first video and one adult culprit in the fleck video) and two showed a television be ing stolen (by one young culprit and one adult culprit) (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645). Volunteers were then required to accurately identify the trigger person in a culprit present photo line-up consisting of six fillers and one culprit (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645), a day or week later. Results collated indicate that middle aged adults assigned to the one day condition find it notably difficult in identifying young offenders, make headway only 24% in the ability to positively identify the jr. culprit (Wright Stroud, 2002). Results continued to decline for middle aged adults assigned to the one week condition as they were only 20% accurate in positively identifying the junior culprit in comparison to younger adults, gain ground 47% in their accuracy after one day and 29% after one week (Wright Stroud, 2002). However, results indicate that although middle aged adults struggled to accurately identify the young assailant in the one day condition, their ability to positively identify there same age culprit scored 47% in accuracy. Experiment 2 was conducted similarly, although it explored if age biases were present during culprit listless photo line-ups. The study consisted of an additional 180 (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 649) subjects which were divided over once again into two separate age groups ranging from 18 and 33 or between 40 and 55 years old (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 649). Researchers also re pass the one week condition from the experiment as effect size was largest for the 1-day delay (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 649) in the first experiment. Participants viewed the four crime videos again and were then required to accurately identify the trigger person in a culprit present or culprit absent photo line-up. Among both age groups, the accuracy of subjects increased by 10% when the assailant and filler were of the same age of the participants during the culprit present line-up (Wright Stroud, 2002) , which was also evident in first experim ent. However, during culprit absent photo line-up, the statistics indicated that own age biases (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 652) exist only with culprit present photo line-ups due to the fact that middle aged adults wont be more likely than younger participants to identify an innocent young suspect, but they will be more likely to fail to identify a guilty young culprit (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 652).Similarly, a research study was conducted with broader younger and senior age groups, ranging from 16-33 years and 60- 82 years old (Memon, Bartlett, go Gray, 2003, page 44). The study consisted of 172 (Memon, Bartlett, rosebush Gray, 2003, page 44) volunteers for which younger participants were selected from their respective topical anaesthetic colleges (Memon, Bartlett, go Gray, 2003, page 44) ,while one-time(a) participants were selected based on their reply to local anaesthetic flyers in local centres, clubs, and societies (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 44). P articipants were required to participate in a face-source commemoration business (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 45) prior to honoring two videos for which there was a young offender or older offender engaging in a criminal activity. Subjects were then assigned to the delay or immediate test condition session (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 46) and took part in two line-ups with the perpetrator either present or .absent (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 46). They were then subsequently made to repeat the facial medical record task for which participants considered to identify old (seen in session 1) or new (not seen in session 1) (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 46) faces. The median statistics of younger versus older adults indicate the same results as of experiment 1 and 2 of the previous article, that overall, younger participants were able to correctly identify the culprit (.86) (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 46) regardless of time delay in comparison to older participants (.49) (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003,page 46). However, the most notably important relationship of the statistics, is the correlation between the accurate recognition of culprits among both age groups and the measure of source recollection derived from a separate face-recognition task (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 43). Results reveal that older adults recorded noticeably poorer on the task thus indicating that source-recollection deficits are partly responsible for age-related differences in performance of the line-up task (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 43). ill-advised identification by eyewitnesses during show up, live line-up and photo line-up procedures, contribute significantly to the number of unjustly imprisoned individuals, some of which (340) have already been executed. around all research studies conclude with unconnected evidence to one some other however there are clear patterns among results of fact ors, which influence the reliability of eyewitness recall and recognition. The situational factor of witness stress/psychological arousal, determines the extent for which eyewitness recall are dependable on during testimonies. Exposure to high stress situations, increase state anxiety, which diminishes the dependability of eyewitness memory recall across both genders. Variables such as gender differences also indicate that women in comparison to men are less accurate in their ability to identify and describe the trigger person. However, the assistance of cued photographs during sequential photo method identification procedures, have proven to increase accuracy of descriptors and facial recognition of the perpetrator, which if implemented across the criminal justice system, would increase the reliability of eyewitness identifications along with reducing the number of innocently imprisoned citizens. Strict guidelines for deaf(p) questioning during eyewitnesses interviews, would also reduce suggestibility and implanted false memories.The most contradictory research evidence stems from the accuracy of younger and older eyewitnesses. Although studies generally show that younger adults are more accurate in either identifying or describing culprits, these studies fail to recognise that to an extent, that younger adults are only higher in their accuracy rates, due to the fact that young culprits are mostly used across all studies. Eyewitness reliability in terms of age was dependant on a variety of factors. Firstly, experiments conducted have shown that there is a correlation between higher accuracy results of older adults and their ability to identify same age (older) culprits in target present line-ups. Secondly, time also played a crucial factor as accuracy of both age groups were dependant on short or long delays in recognition, with older participants decreasing in accuracy with increasing time. However overall, younger participants were slightly more accurate regardless of age difference and time delay. This would indicate that immediate questioning and identification procedures would increase the accuracy of identifications for older eyewitnesses.By Mathew FranczakReferencesWright, D., Stroud, J. (2002). duration differences in lineup identification accuracy tribe are better with their own age. Law And Human Behavior, 26(6), 641-654. intimate10.1023/a1020981501383Valentine, T., Mesout, J. (2009). Eyewitness identification under stress in the London Dungeon. Appl. Cognit. Psychol., 23(2), 151. inside10.1002/acp.1463Morgan, C., Hazlett, G., Doran, A., Garrett, S., Hoyt, G., Thomas, P. et al. (2004). Accuracy of eyewitness memory for persons encountered during exposure to highly intense stress. external Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 27(3), 265-279. doi10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.03.004Memon, A., Bartlett, J., Rose, R., Gray, C. (2003). The Aging Eyewitness Effects of Age on Face, Delay, and Source-Memory Ability. The Journals Of Gerontolog y Series B Psychological Sciences And Social Sciences, 58(6), P338-P345. doi10.1093/geronb/58.6.p338The Mitochondria Structure, Functions and ReactionsThe Mitochondria Structure, Functions and ReactionsMitochondria are rod-shaped structures that are enclosed within two tissue layers the outside membrane and the national membrane. The membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins. The space in between the two membranes is called the inter-membrane space. The structure of the various components of mitochondria are as follows The outside membrane is a relatively simple phospholipid bilayer, imparting protein structures called porins. Ions, nutrient specks, adenosine triphosphate, ADP, etc. can pass through the outer membrane with ease. The inner membrane is freely permeable only to oxygen, century dioxide, and urine. Its structure is highly obscure, including all of the complexes of the negatron lift system, the ATP synthetase complex, and transport proteins. There are folds present which are organized into lamillae (layers), called the cristae. The cristae greatly increase the total surface area of the inner membrane which makes room for m all more of the above-named structures than if the inner membrane were shaped like the outer membrane. The membranes create two compartments. The intermembrane space is the function between the inner and outer membranes. It has an important role in the base function of mitochondria, which is oxidative phosphorylation. The matrix is a complex alloyture of enzymes that are important for the synthesis of ATP molecules, exceptional mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNAs and the mitochondrial DNA. Besides these, it has oxygen, carbon dioxide and other recyclable intermediates.In glycolysis, what type of responses do hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze? In general, what is the splendour of these responses or in other words what makes them unique in the glycolysis parcel of land?The first step in glycolysis is phosphorylation of glucose by a family of enzymes called hexokinases to form glucose 6-phosphate (G6P). This reaction consumes ATP, but it acts to keep the glucose concentration low, promoting continuous transport of glucose into the cell through the plasma membrane transporters. In addition, it blocks the glucose from leaking out because the cell lacks transporters for G6P.Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the permanent transfer of a phosphate from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate. Because this reaction is irreversible, PFK is the key regulatory enzyme for glycolysis. When ATP levels are high in the cell, the cell no lengthy needs metabolic button production to occur. In this case, PFKs activity is contain by allosteric regulation by ATP itself, closing the valve on the coalesce of carbohydrates through glycolysis.In general, how are fats and proteins utilized during cellular metabolism?Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen , and somet imes other atoms. They form the cellular structural elements, are biochemical catalysts, and are important regulators of gene expression . Digestion breaks protein down to amino group acids. If amino acids are in excess of the bodys biological requirements, they are metabolized to animal starch or fat and subsequently used for energy metabolism. If amino acids are to be used for energy their carbon skeletons are reborn to ethanoyl group CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle for oxidation, producing ATP. The final products of protein catabolism include carbon dioxide, water, ATP, urea, and ammonia.What two molecules join in the TCA cycle to form Citrate? Where did each precursor molecule come from?The Citric Acid cycle begins with acetyl-CoA transferring its two-carbon acetyl group to the four-carbon acceptor complex called oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon rise called citrate.Acetly-CoA is created when from the reaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Oxaloacetate is created from a com bination of pyruvate carboxylase and Malate dehydrogenase.Would you expect to find the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in an anaerobic bacteria? Explain why or why not and apologise what task this complex performs.Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a complex of three enzymes that transform pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation which involves the oxidation of pyruvate. Since anaerobic bacterium only exists in oxygen-free environments you would not expect them to contain this complex.What are high energy negatrons and what is be by an oxidation-reduction potential? Using this knowledge briefly explain the importance of Figure 5.14 and the role of the high energy electrons carried by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideH and FADH2 in the creation of ATP.Why are the electron transport chain complexes referred to as proton pumps?Electron transport chains are biochemical reactions that produce ATP. ATP is made by an enzyme called ATP synthase. ATP synthase is powered by a transmembrane proton gradient, which conduct protons from high to low concentration across the membrane. In spunk working to pump protons through a proton channel which temporarily opens in the inner membraneHow are NADH and FADH2 different when it comes to interacting with the ETC?NADH+H+ arrives from Stage II of carbohydrate metabolism or Stage III (TCA cycle) to the ETC and immediately oxidizes to NAD+ with its protons (hydrogen ions) going into the matrix and its electrons (e-) going to cytochrome complex 1. As the electrons arrive on cyctrochrome complex 1 the complex immediately goes through redox (reduction and oxidation). This reaction creates a proton pump within the cytochrome, pumping some protons from the matrix through the cytochrome into the intermembrane space. The electrons now transfer to spry carrier Q and NAD+ returns to its original source.FADH2 arrives from the TCA cycle to the ETC and goes nowadays to cytochrome mobile carrier Q. FADH2 oxidizes to FAD with its protons going into the matrix and its electrons going to mobile carrier Q. Mobile carrier Q shuttles the electrons from FADH2 (and from cytochrome 1) to cytochrome complex 2. The electrons are transferred to cytochrome complex 2 and it immediately goes through redox (reduction and oxidation). This creates a proton pump, pumping protons from the matrix through cytochrome complex 2 directly into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. FAD returns to the TCA cycle.What does the proton-motive force represent (you dont need to explain the formula)?A proton-motive force represents the energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane. draw off the structure of ATP synthase and the covering change meditation of mitochondrial ATP production.ATP synthase is made up of two functions, F1 and F0. The FO portion is within the membrane of the mitochnodria and the F1 portion is above the membrane, inside the matrix of t he mitochondria.The rear change mechanism involves the active site of a subunit pass between three states. In the open state, ADP and phosphate enter the active site. The protein then closes up around the molecules and binds them loosely the loose state. The enzyme then undergoes another change in shape and forces these molecules unitedly, with the active site in the resulting tight state binding the newly-produced ATP molecule with very high affinity. Finally, the active site cycles back to the open state, releasing ATP and binding more ADP and phosphate, ready for the next cycle of ATP production.Describe the structure of a chloroplast and give a brief summary of its evolutionary origin.The chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic eukaryotes. The organelle is surrounded by a double membrane. Inside the inner membrane is a complex mix of enzymes and water. This is called stroma and is important as the site of the dark reactions, more properly called the Calvin cycle. inwardly in the stroma is a network of stacked sacs. Each stack is called a granum and each of the flattened sacs which make up the granum is called a thylakoid. Each thylakoid has a series of photosystems and associated proteins. The photosystems contain chlorophyll and other pigments and all these associated structures in the thylakoid membrane are the site for the light reactions in which light energy is converted to chemical energy needed for the Calvin cycle in the dark reaction.Chloroplasts are believed to have arisen as free living bacteria that became endosymbiont with the ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes. An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.Briefly describe the experiment performed by Ruben and Kamen and describe what this experiment helped to prove.Ruben and Kamen bombarded graphite in the cyclotron, a type of particle accelerator,in hopes of producing a radioactive isotope of carbon that c ould be used as a tracer in investigating chemical reactions in photosynthesis. Their experiment resulted in production of carbon-14.What is the photosynthetic role of the light-harvesting aerial pigments?In photosynthetic systems a variable number of pigments act as light-harvesting aerial to absorb and direct solar energy to photochemical reaction centers. The metier of the reaction centers depends on the efficient transfer of excitation energy from these antenna molecules.In plants, what are photosystems, what is the meaning of the primary P680 and P700 pigments, and how do these fit into the Z scheme arrangement depicted in Figure 6.10 of your text?Photosystems are protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants. They are involved in photosynthesis as enzymes which use light to reduce molecules. There are two families of photosystems. within photosystem type 1 is the P700 reaction center. Its absorption spectrum peaks at 700 nm. When photosystem I absor bs light, an electron is excited to a higher energy level in the P700 chlorophyll. These electrons are moved in pairs in an oxidation/reduction process from P700 to electron acceptors. Within photosystem type II is the P680 reaction center. Its absorption spectrum peaks at 680nm.What is photolysis and what is its significance during photosynthesis?Photolysis is defind as the splitting or decomposition of a chemical compound by means of light energy or photons. Photolysis is the part of photosynthesis that occurs in the granum of a chloroplast where light is absorbed by chlorophyll, turned into chemical energy, and used to split apart the oxygen and hydrogen in water. The oxygen is released as a byproduct while the reduced hydrogen acceptor makes its way to the second stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle.What is photophosphorylation and how is this accomplished by PSII and PSI?Photophosphorylation is the production of ATP using the energy of sunlight. In photophosphorylation, li ght energy is used to create a high-energy electron donor and a lower-energy electron acceptor. Electrons then move spontaneously from donor to acceptor through an electron transport chain.When a special chlorophyll molecule of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase are working together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylationWhat is the function of Rubisco?In the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis, the enzyme rubisco grabs carbonic acid gas and incorporates it into RuBP (commonly called carbon fixation). The cycle continues until one G3P is made a precursor t o glucose.What is the usefulness or function of the the 12 GAP molecules produced by the fixation of 6 carbonic acid gas molecules via the Calvin cycle?The function is for the manufacturing of carbohydratesWhat is the function of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and what advantage is given to plants that contain this enzyme?Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme in the family of carboxy-lyases that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate ( gingerroot) to form the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate. Carbon fixation via PEP carboxylase assimilates the available CO2 into a four-carbon compound (oxaloacetate, which is further converted to malate) that can be stored or shuttled between plant cells. This part withs for a separation of sign CO2 fixation by contact with air and secondary CO2 fixation into sugars by RuBisCO during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.In succulent CAM plants adapted for growth in very dry conditions, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 d uring the night when the plant opens its stomata to allow for gas exchange. During the day time, the plant closes the stomata to preserve water and releases CO2 inside the leaf from the storage compounds produced during the night. This allows the plants to thrive in dry climates by conducting photosynthesis without losing water through open stomata during the day.

Types Of Substitution Reactions Biology Essay

Types Of Substitution Reactions Biology EssayIn a exchange reply, a functional group in a peculiar(prenominal) chemical compound is re leveld by another group .In organic chemistry, the electrophilic and nucleophilic renewal reactions are of main importance. Organic electric switch reactions are classified into depending on whether the reagent that brings abtaboo the substitution is con berthred an electrophile or a nucleophile, whether a reactive ordinary aimd in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical or whether the substratum is acyclic or aromatic. A reaction can be made faster or drawn-out by taking into consideration the temperature and the solvent we are using.A good interpreter of a substitution reaction is the photochemical chlorination of methane forming methyl chloride.Nucleophilic substitutionWhat is a nucleophileNucleophilic substitution happens when the reagent is a nucleophile, which means the plan of claping species is a nucleus amiab le species .it is itself negatively charged or has a lone pair. Such species take out attracted to positive or electron wanting(predicate) nose candy centres..A nucleophile reacts with an aliphatic substrate in a nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction. These substitutions can be of 2 dofferent mechanisms unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) and bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2). The SN1 mechanism has two criterions. In the first musical note, the departure group leaves, forming a carbocation. In the second step, the nucleophilic species attacks the carbocation and forms a sigma impound. This mechanism can result in either inversion or retention of configuration. An SN2 reaction has just one step. The attack of the reagent and the expulsion of the loss group returns simultaneously. This mechanism always results in inversion of configuration.When the substrate is an aromatic compound the reaction type is nucleophilic aromatic substitution.Electrophili c substitutionsWhat is an electrophileAn electrophile is a electron love species, it itself is positively charged and wants to stabilize itself by making a sigma bond with the electron rich subdivisionic number 6 centre.Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions and particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions.SN1 reactionThe SN1 reaction is a substitution reaction. SN means nucleophilic substitution and the 1 represents the fact that the rate-determining step is unimolecular . Carbocation medium is formed in this reaction .It is seen that tertiary carbocations are very still due to + I effect and thus go for SN1 Reaction. With primary alkyl halides, the alternative SN2 reaction occurs. As primary Alkyl Halides just aboutly be primary carbocation which is very unstable and thus have to go with SN2 Substitution reaction.MechanismAn example of a reaction taking spatial relation with an SN1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl brom ide with water forming tert-butyl alcoholThis SN1 reaction takes place in three stepsFormation of a tert-butyl carbocation by interval of a deviation group (a bromide anion) from the ascorbic acid atom this step is slow and reversible.Nucleophilic attack the carbocation reacts with the nucleophile. If the nucleophile is a neutral molecule (i.e. a solvent) a third step is required to complete the reaction. When the solvent is water, the intermediate is an oxonium ion. This reaction step is fast.Deprotonation Removal of a proton on the protonated nucleophile by water playacting as a shew forming the alcohol and a hydronium ion. This reaction step is fast.WHY THIS REACTION OCCURSBulky atoms(methyl, ethyl) surrounding the carbon atoms mostly bequeath SNI reaction. As the bulky alkyl halides are attached to the central carbon atom,it is both stabilized by hyperconjugation and +In ductive effect. The SN1 mechanism on that pointfore dominates in reactions at tertiary alkyl centers a nd is further observed at substitute alkyl centers in the presence of weak nucleophiles.SN2 REACTIONThe SN2 reaction (also know as bimolecular nucleophilic substitution or as backside attack) is a type of nucleophilic substitution, where a lone pair from a nucleophile attacks an electron deficient electrophilic center and bonds to it, expelling another group called a leaving group. so the incoming group replaces the leaving group in one step. Since two reacting species are involved in the slow, rate-determining step of the reaction, this leads to the name bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, or SN2. Among inorganic chemists, the SN2 reaction is often known as the interchange mechanism.REACTION MECHANISMThe reaction most often occurs at an aliphatic sp3 carbon center with an electronegative, stable leaving group attached to it X oft a halide atom. The breaking of the C-X bond and the formation of the new C-Nu bond occur simultaneously to form a transition state in which the ca rbon under nucleophilic attack is pentacoordinate, and approximately sp2 hybridised. The nucleophile attacks the carbon at 180 to the leaving group, since this provides the best overlap between the nucleophiles lone pair and the C-X s* antibonding orbital. The leaving group is then pushed off the opposite side and the product is formed.If the substrate under nucleophilic attack is chiral, this can lead, although not necessarily, to an inversion of stereochemistry, called the Walden inversion.SN2 reaction of bromoethane with hydroxide ion. The products are ethanol and a bromide ion.In an example of the SN2 reaction, the attack of OH- (the nucleophile) on a bromoethane (the electrophile) results in ethanol, with bromide ejected as the leaving group.SN2 attack occurs if the backside route of attack is not sterically hindered by substituents on the substrate. thereof this mechanism usually occurs at an unhindered primary carbon centre. If there is steric crowding on the substrate near the leaving group, such as at a tertiary carbon centre, the substitution will involve an SN1 rather than an SN2 mechanism, (an SN1 would also be more likely in this crusade because a sufficiently stable carbocation intermediary could be formed.)In coordination chemistry, associative substitution proceeds via a similar mechanism as SN2.FACTORS affect REACTION1) The Basicity of the Leaving Group. By comparing the sex act SN2 reaction pass judgment of compounds with atoms in the same half-hourly group (the halides, for example), results show that the ability as a leaving group during an SN2 reaction depends on its basicity. In general, the weaker the basicity of a group, the greater its leaving ability. For example, the iodide ion is a very weak base and because it is so, it is the most reactive. Weak bases do not hold their electrons tightly, making it easier for their bonds to be broken. In contrast, the fluoride ion is a stronger base than the other halides and, therefore, the least reactive. In fact, the fluoride ion is such a strong base that compounds involving them essentially do not undergo SN2 reaction. facial expression at the casual table, relative basicity decreases down a group.(Stronger Base) F- Cl- Br- I- (Weaker Base)2) The Size of the Nucleophile. How quick a compound attacks an electron-deficient atom also affects an SN2 reaction. As a rule, a negatively charged species (e.g. OH -) are better nucleophiles than neutral species (e.g. H2O, water). There is a direct relationship between basicity and nucleophilicity stronger bases are better nucleophiles. Acidity, the ability of an atom to give up a proton (H+), is comparatively relative in molecules whose assail atoms are approximately the same in size, the weakest going toward the left side of the periodic table. If hydrogen were attached to second-row elements of the periodic table, the resulting compounds would have the following relative acidities(Weaker Acid) NH3 If each of these aci ds were to give up a hydrogen, the result would be its meld base, and the relative strengths will reverse. The stronger base now moves toward the left side of the periodic table.(Stronger Base) -NH2 HO- F- (Weaker Base)Elements increase in size down the periodic table. Although basicity decreases down the periodic table, nucleophilicity increases as size increases depending on the solvent used.3) Solvent. If a reaction is carried out in a protic solvent, whose molecules have a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen or to a nitrogen, the larger atom is a better nucleophile in an SN2 reaction. In other words, the weaker base is the better nucleophile in a protic solvent. For example, the iodide ion is better than a fluoride ion as a nucleophile. However, if the reaction is carried out in an aprotic solvent, whose molecules do not have hydrogen bonded to an oxygen or to a nitrogen, then the stronger base is the better nucleophile. In this case, the fluoride ion is better than the iodide ion a s a nucleophile.4)Sterics. Steric hindrance is any(prenominal) effect of a compound due to the size and/or show of itssubstituent groups. Steric effects affect nucleophilicity but does not affect base strength. A bulky nucleophile, such as a tert-butoxide ion with its specific arrangement of methyl groups, is a poorer nucleophile than an ethoxide ion with a straighter chain of carbons, even though tert-butoxide is a stronger base.

The Importance Of Developing Entrepreneurial Skills Commerce Essay

The Importance Of Developing entrepreneurial Skills Commerce striveThe importance of the reading of entrepreneurial skills by e reall(a)y graduate ground forgenot be over-emphasized because gone be the days when jobs were available everywhere both in the private and public sector of the economy and employers go about sounding for potential employees to employ. Indeed, in the past, it is the employers that go round universities in this verdant to campaign for potential employees. Then on that point were fewer universities and low university enrolment. But today, things postulate changed and very drastically too such that m either graduates be in a flash sellers of recharge cards and just about turn as bus conductors. What an economic tragedy and waste The question of choice of job or employer is little by little being eroded each year. Many graduates argon despe judge to put d circumvent any job to keep body and soul going. Indeed there is a paradigm shift in the labo ur market place now. scour the superior chinks argon now fast getting into that problem of unemployment. traffic prospects for the youths atomic number 18 ever-changing with a lot of increasing competition the openings argon equally limited. Also, employment in the public sector is to a fault decrease and job prospects be diminishing by the day. Added to this ugly situation are the increasing trend of job outsourcing, casualization of labour in the oil and gas industry and the increasing phenomenon of rightsizing of labour among big firms and corporations in the country. As a side effect, the figure of tertiary graduates who shake up not been able to deposit the first employment since graduation for upward of five years is on the increase and even those with professional qualifications like MBA, ICAN, COREN, Medicine and Pharmacy are not spared from the ugly phenomenon. Others are paid peanuts if they are lucky to fixate paid job. Some now fall back on their cast down q ualifications like WASC and OND to secure menial jobs.The recent economic meltdown in any case has made matters worse. Some companies are as a result operating(a) below expected skill. The menses troubles in the monetary sector, particularly the gold and the capital markets and their subsequent effects on the economy, particularly on the authoritative sector as well as the remedial efforts of the CBN are very visibly glaring, instructive and challenging.Nevertheless, entrepreneur ship and indeed the bring for developing the requisite entrepreneurial skills demand been suggested to help redress the aforementioned problems by making spate not exactly to be job creators but wealthinessiness creators (Midea, 2004 Izedonmi, 2009). accord to Small stage business enterprise Service (2005), the possession of entrepreneurial skills to create untested knowledge based social enterprises is vital to addressing social and environmental issues effectively. Our track cannot aff ord to toy with it. Our tertiary institutions essential respond fast and positively towards entrepreneurship grooming. However, general business skills and general knowledge are considered insufficient to identification number graduates into entrepreneurs (Kisby, 2004). Hence, the need to develop specific entrepreneurship skills cannot be overemphasized .This is because entrepreneurship has been vital to creating employment and hence a special form of employability (Moreland, 2004). Both the government and the academia shake up been attracted to it. In particular, universities are re-designing their curricula and the ways they operate to create opportunities for the training of their students in practical entrepreneurial skills. Due to the way entrepreneurial programmes have delusive a global pro livenessration and dimension, it was suggested by Volkmann (2004) that it has be execute the major academic discipline for business education in the 21st century. I totally jibe with him.Economic Growth And EntrepreneurshipRecent accompany Report in 2008 by the Kauffman Foundation in connection with the relationship between economic growing and entrepreneurship found that all nations with elevated level of employment activities had above ordinary rate of economic growth. What this translates into is that entrepreneurial deficient economy will have low growth while entrepreneurially smashing economy tends to enjoy levelheaded growth. Hence, Government has come to recognize the importance of entrepreneurship in economic schooling that entrepreneurial ventures have in-built capacity to promote employment and economic growth. literary works ReviewOne of the first courses specifically addressing entrepreneurship was established at the Harvard dividing line School in 1947.In the U.K, the first courses in entrepreneurship were grounded in the 1980s unneurotic with the UKs first initiative for enterprise in senior high schooler education (Elton, 1991, Kirby, 1989 2005, Volkmann, 2004). along this line, Fry (1992) remarks that entrepreneurship has been one of the fastest growing disciplines in the U.S.A in the 1990s.By the circle of the 21st century, as many as 1600 universities in the North-America were offering courses in entrepreneurship compared to merely two dozens in the 1970s (Inegbenebor, 2005). The growth of entrepreneurship education and the subsequent inclusion into the curricula of universities in the United Kingdom has been attributed to the sheer need to serve the novelty need of businesses and to bewilder graduates with impartingable skills for businesses.ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIA harmonise to Ekanem (2005), the tale and development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria started in the 1960s as support also by some of the earlier studies such as Schatz and Edokpayi (1962), Harris (1969), Olakanpo (1968) and Akeredolu-Ale (1972). in that locationfore, the creation of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria is not raw(a) . Since the 1970s, several government agencies and institutions in the country have been engaged in different aspects of fostering entrepreneurship in Nigeria, though with short-lived and varied victores. For instance, the Centre for Management ontogeny (CMD), bailiwick directorate of Employment (NDE), former Nigeria Industrial Development bevel (NIDB), Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI), Nigeria Youth Service Corps (NYSC), among some others had programmes for entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Other entrepreneurial development agencies include government sponsored Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP). NGOs, Nigerian Employers Consultative Association (NECA).The vigor with which it was pursued therefore is a different issue for our assessment. If the proofs are available even the cunning and deaf can feel it. Only fools dont proof.What Does Entrepreneurship Really Entail?Basically, what entrepreneurship entails includesThe twist of skills in negotia tionBuilding leaders skillNew crossroad developmentCreative and innovative thinking andExposure to technological innovation, (Kuratko, 2003).It shows students and graduates how to consider and behave entrepreneurially. It encourages them to get involved in net operative, create and manage businesses of their own and facilitate progress and success in entrepreneurial career.Entrepreneurship could satisfy consideration and social needs and leads to self-satisfaction and actualization.It can also meet the financial needs for the entrepreneurs and their families. In fact, entrepreneurship is a satisfying bidding even though it can be gambley and may even lead to expiry of wealth at condemnations (Fry, 1992). Society-wise, entrepreneurship has made substantial impacts throughout history because of numerous inventions, massive job creations made through elflike and mean(a) scale enterprises (SMES) in both developed and developing countries.DEFINITIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPVarious d efinitions have been given for entrepreneurship. For instance Inegbenebor and Igbinomwanhia (2008) say that Entrepreneurship is the process of performing the roles of an entrepreneur. It has been defined as the process of planning, operating and assuming the risk of a business venture. It may also be defined as the process of creating a set value of pulling together a unique package of resources to overwork an opportunity. Entrepreneurship encompasses various activities which are carried out to ensure the survival and growth of the businessInegbenebor (2006) defines it as it is about bearing the skills needed to assume the risk of establishing a business. It is about developing the winning strategies and executing them with all vigour, persistence and estrus needed to win any gameEkanem (2005) Entrepreneurship is the process of or capacity for organizing, operating and assuming risk for a business venture. It is dynamic risk-pickings, germinal and growth oriented behavior which i nvolves the use of various resources to create wealthEkwe (1992) observes that, Entrepreneurship involves theability to perceive profitable business opportunities.2. willingness to act on what is comprehend and3. necessity organizing skills associated with a projectsFry (1992) says that Entrepreneurship involves action kind of than static events. It involves taking action necessary to analyze opportunities to launch and/or grow business, to finance the venture and possibly even to invest the venture.Izedonmi (2009) placed entrepreneurship in a continuum form with economic entrepreneurship at the end of the continuum and social entrepreneurship at the other end. In between these you will find some varying characteristics of combinations. The process is also dynamic.In summary, the central issues in entrepreneurship involve uncertainty and risk-taking, innovation, cognition and change. For instance, Drucker (1985) posits that innovation is the specification instrument of entrepren eurship. He argued further that the entrepreneurs must eternally change to respond to it, and exploit it as an opportunity.CHARACTERISTICS OF A DWINDLING providenceThe characteristics includeHigh unemployment rateHigh inflation rate impoverished average real income slump saving ratio or high consumption ratioLow levels of technologyLow levels of crosswayivityLow per capita income and downward trend of livingHigh poverty rate of a large proportion of the populationLow economic growth ratePoorly developed financial and stock marketsHigh level degeneracy and instability and insecurity of lives and propertyAlthough the above factors and many others can be observed in a dwindling economy, they also provide good basis for entrepreneurial development. In fact, of these factors listed above, some can act as either pull or advertise entrepreneurial factors. Very lots they provide good windows of opportunities for entrepreneurial-minded individuals.ROLES OF ENTRENEURSHIP IN REVIVING A D WINDLING confederationSome of the roles includeGenerating employmentIncreases productivity through innovationFacilitates the transfer/ adoption of technologyEnsures increase resource utilizationStimulates growth in the supply marketRenovates large scale enterprises and public enterprisesEncourages and sustains economic zip that enables an economy to adjust favoredly in a rapidly changing global economy.Linkage effects of various sections of the economy is facilitatedGenerate income and wealth occur fasterEncourages training and developmentEnsures rapid developmentDevelops native entrepreneurshipProvides a training ground for indigenous managers and semi-skilled workersReduces rural-urban migrationConstitutes a vital railway locomotive for economic growth development of a nation- increase GDPSkyrocketing of the result of SMES andPromotion of self-reliance and economic sustainabilityELEMENTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPEntrepreneurship may involve the following elements humor GENERATION A ND SCREENINGThis is actually the starting point of many untested entrepreneurial ventures. Sources of ideas are many and varied. The sources notwithstanding, the would-be entrepreneur must turn the habit of documenting those ideas. It should be packaged in form of feasibility report, no matter what.STARTING A BUSINESSThis could involvea. Buying an real businessb. Starting from the scratch or start-up businessc. Through licenced. By InheritanceCREATIVITY AND INNOVATIONInnovation is the development and knowledgeableness of a new product, a new process, or a new service to a market. Creativity is the link between pure vagary and the introduction of an innovative product, process or service.Both are necessary ingredients for entrepreneurship. However, creativity is behind innovation. Creativity alone, does not define entrepreneurship. Creativity without innovation does not produce results. And innovation without effective steering does not produce marketable products, processes o r services. Although creativity and innovation are necessary ingredients, they are not sufficient of themselves to establish successful entrepreneurship (Fry, 1992, Izedonmi, 2009). There must be effective and efficient administrative structure on the ground and a healthy dose of management as well.3. SEEKING FINANCING financial support could either be debt or equity pay, traditional or venture, infixed or external capital. The would-be venture must consider financing the venture. Availability, cost and timeliness must be balanced. Starting small attracts small capital input. However, not all entrepreneurial ventures require start-up capital or equal amount eitherCreative financing is a fundamental tenet of entrepreneurship.A growth-oriented venture uses multiple sources of financing. You must be alert to make your personal sacrifice in this respect. Too much, the banks will bespeak to see your personal inputs in terms of financial commitment.Finance institutions only lend to ventures that have proven records, and history, and those ventures that are also promising economically.4. presumptuous RISKEvery entrepreneur must assume one risk or the other. However, entrepreneurship is not necessarily risk-taking but risk-assuming.Corporate management deals in risk minimization, entrepreneurship deals in risk management.Corporate management too often generally tends to be risk-averse. They want to reduce risk to a minimal during production so as to be profitable. Entrepreneurship manages risk since it cannot be cut back significantly in entrepreneurial situations whether new or existing ventures.However, entrepreneurs are calculated risk- befool for grantedrs.Risk management involves the acknowledgement that risk exists and the actions that are taken to shift as much risk as possible to others and then(prenominal) control the remainder.Some risk Management ventures includeRenting rather than owning equipment and facilitiesUsing multiple sources of financin g.Building an entrepreneurial team with distinctive skills. undertake multiple ventures simultaneously with varied degrees of risk.Committing a portion of the total resources to any one project.Assigning a team member the responsibility of observe short-term performance with the anticipation of cutting losses of early performance indicates unfavorable results.THE PULL AND PUSH ENTREPRENEURSHIP FACTORSThere are various factors (negative or positive) which tend to provide the needed motivation in getting into entrepreneurship or becoming an entrepreneur. While the negative factors are called push factors the positive factors are pull factors. Both factors provide the fundamental attraction either by necessity or by desire and opportunity into the entrepreneurial world.The push factors areUnemployment / loss of job.Dissatisfaction with pay and job situation.Discrimination and victimization by boss in work place.Middle-age crises.Divorce / widowhood.Relocation.The positive pull factors areDesire for independence.Desire for increase in wealth.Increased social situation and prestige.Spouse support and motivation.Provision of market opportunity.Franchise.Provision of licenses by produce company.Favorable government policies and so onTHE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DECISIONThe entrepreneurial motivation to launch a venture has been grouped into three variables (Fry, 1992) asAntecedent variables.Triggering variables. change variables.The antecedent factorsThey cause the individual to begin to consider the possibilities of entrepreneurship either consciously or unconsciously. This could take into consideration the variables listed belowCreativity.Background.Personality.Past experience.Education.Current job.Triggering factorsThese are the events or situations that specifically trigger the entrepreneurial act. They are salient intent events may be quite personal , professional or for instance, financial changes in an entrepreneurs life that are perceived as very weighty to ent repreneurial decision may set off the alarm to take step .They involveLoss of JobInvention or judgementOffer from partnerEntrepreneurial motivation or willingness to start a venture (M) = Antecedent Variables (A) X Triggering Variables (T).The enabling factorsThese factors make the actual launching of the venture possible. They include opportunity and resources which are very critical to the successful launch of the venture. The likelihood of a venture launch is made up of these three factors combined. Our youths look outside instead of looking self-whispered. Those who look inward first tend to travel faster on the outside. Several entrepreneurial opportunities exist in the environment. They need to look well to discover some opportunities. Our youths must be ready to start small, learn the ropes and grow up. nasty work, patience and deep commitment are necessary.ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIESEntrepreneurship tends to be opportunity-driven rather than resource-driven. This is b ecause that at a time opportunities are identified and properly evaluated resources are deployed to capture them. Opportunity creates or generates its kind of resources.There are thousands of opportunities available to would-be entrepreneurs who present high potential for wealth, growth, self-employment, independence, social status, and prestige. The would-be entrepreneur must conduct a thorough scanning and survey of the environment strategically. But if you do not have any readily available opportunity, you can creatively and innovatively come up with one. However, some of the sources of these opportunities could include1).Self-discovery2).Improvement in the quality of existing product/ service.3). Use of an existing product/service in an untapped market4). Invention5). Consultancy6). Trade magazines, Journal and Business Newspapers7). Societal needs8). Survey of natural resources9). Government Agencies10) Research Institutes, Universities, e.t.c11) Spin-off12) Work experience13) pastime and VocationENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO TRANSFORM CHALLENGES INTO OPPORTUNITIESGENERAL BUSINESS SKILLSEntrepreneurial skills of successful entrepreneurs includeSales and Marketing skillsFinancial Know-how skillsSelf-motivation skill quantify management skillAdministrative skillSales and marketing skillsTo get the right customers and subsequently make target revenues and profitsInclude converse skillsFinancial know-how skillsTo know how to handle specie well. After all, not everybody can effectively manage money.Source and manage funds and cash flowsSelf-motivation skills internecine locus of controlSelf-starter with a clear desired goal in mindConfidence in yourself and in your ideasDiligent and profoundworking extra drive and commitment to set goalsTime management skillsTime is moneyTime is lifeEntrepreneurship opportunity has time-limitTime management is very distinguished for business successSelf-management is very critical for effective time managementTYPES OF BUSINESSES AND TIME MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESHave a time table, schedule of activities to be doneEmploy delegation freely without fearDetermine priorities into imperative and important activities as-Urgent activities demand immediate attention-Urgent but not important activities Not urgent but important activities Not urgent not importantGive priority to (i) and (iii) because by performing them, time is reduced for activities (ii) and (iii)Manage meetings and relationship with othersAdministrative skillsOrganizing, coordinating, directing, planning and general management, etc.B). TECHNICAL, ANALYTICAL AND HUMAN RELATION SKILLSEntrepreneurs are expected ordinarily to be sound by training normally technically skilled. They must also develop and possess conceptual, analytical and human relation skills to be successful.Others are business planning, idea creation, negotiation, risk analysis and management skills etc.C). ICT SKILLSThey must also have computer and information Technology ( CIT) skills because of the era we are and the environment they will have to operate.ENTREPRENEURSHIP fortune AND SKILLSS/NENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITYSKILLS AND ATTITUDES1.Business/consultancy in area of professional specialization or working as a contractorGeneral Business skills such as marketing, time management e.t.cConfidence enthusiasm, hardworking2.Sonet EntrepreneurshipIdea development, leadership, negotiation, planning, organizing, self belief, officeGeneral business skill3.IntrapreneurshipIdea development recognizing opportunities for improvementsAlliance building, confidence, leadership4.Non-traditional specialist businessGeneral BusinessIdea development, creativity, confidenceWillingness to work hard5.General Business VenturesIdeas development, creativity, confidence, willingness to work hardGeneral Business skillSource Andrea Developing Entrepreneurship skills in the context of higher education. study OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLSThese could be throughAttending Entrepren eurial training classes, development programme, seminars, workshops, etc.UniversitiesJob rotationSpecial (intensive) trainingArticle ship or apprenticeshipOrganizational learningR D InstitutionConsultantsNational and international agencies and bodiesNGOsProfessional bodiesENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS FACTORSSuccessful entrepreneuring depends on foursome (4) major factors namelyKnowledgeHard workSkillsAttitude(character/ integrity)Lifematics Question Created by (Izedonmi, 2010)Now let us work out this lifematics question together. There are basically four (4) attributes or factors that can enhance our success in life viz Skills, Knowledge, Hard work and character (Attitude). They are all essential to ingredients of entrepreneurial success. How much does each contribute? Which of these is superior and wherefore? For easy understanding, let us replace character with perspective. eventOur current roman rudiments are made up ofA B C D E F G H I J K L M1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26The alphabets together with their numerical values are stated above.Let us take each attribute one after the other and link up the corresponding numerical value. Start with skill, then knowledge follow this with hard work and finally character but remember to substitute attitude for character.Let us replace numeric value to each alphabet and see their results as indicated below(i)S K I L L S19 + 11 + 9 + 12 + 12 + 19 = 82%(ii)K N O W L E D G E11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96 %(iii)H A R D W O R K8 + 1 + 18 + 4 + 23 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 98 %(iv)A T T I T U D E1 + 20 + 20 + 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 + 5 = 100 %SolutionSkills secure only 82 %, Knowledge 96 %, hard work 98 % and Attitude 100 % in that order. Only Attitude which I equate to character for this purpose secures 100 % success in the race of high profile entrepreneurship.ConclusionI must admit that professional certification is good but character is a lot better. division is the true collateral security of our values, learning and entrepreneurial success. It keeps the society and scheme going. It prevents a nation from decaying and checkmates unnecessary crisis and even civil war. Therefore in all our entrepreneurial pursuit, character development should be given a prominent place.When character breaks down everything breaks down. True certification in life is only evidenced by character and not papers called certificates or entrepreneurial success alone or quantity of wealth.